Death Unpreparedness Due to the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Concept Analysis

• Published in: Healthcare (Basel) 2024-01, Vol.12 (2), p.188
• Main Authors: Costeira, Cristina Raquel Batista, Dixe, Maria dos Anjos, Querido, Ana, Rocha, Ana, Vieira Vitorino, Joel, Santos, Cátia, Laranjeira, Carlos
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Caregivers; Citation management software; Concept analysis; Coronaviruses; COVID-19; Death; End of life; Epidemics; Grief; Medical advice systems; Medical research; Medicine, Experimental; Online databases; Pandemics; Portugal; Preparedness; Preparedness for death; Psychological aspects; Social aspects
• ISSN: 2227-9032; 2227-9032
• DOI: 10.3390/healthcare12020188

Funding: This work was supported by FCT—Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia, I.P. (UIDB/05704/ 2020 and UIDP/05704/2020) and by the Scientific Employment Stimulus—Institutional Call—[https: //doi.org/10.54499/CEECINST/00051/2018/CP1566/CT0012, accessed on 30 December 2023]. The COVID-19 pandemic imposed changes upon the capacity of healthcare systems, with significant repercussions on healthcare provision, particularly at end-of-life. This study aims to analyze the concept map of death unpreparedness due to the COVID-19 pandemic, capturing the relationships among the attributes, antecedents, consequences, and empirical indicators. Walker and Avant’s method was used to guide an analysis of this concept. A literature search was performed systematically, between May 2022 and August 2023, using the following electronic databases on the Elton Bryson Stephens Company (EBSCO) host platform: Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online (Medline), Psychological Information Database (PsycINFO), Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL) Complete, Cochrane Library, and Nursing and Allied Health Collection. Thirty-four articles were retrieved. The unexpected and unpredictable impositions associated with inexperience and unskillfulness in dealing with COVID-19 configured challenges for healthcare professionals, family/caregivers, and even the dying person. Nine key attributes emerged in three main domains: (1) Individual: (a) disease-related conditions, (b) separation distress, and (c) scarcity of death and grief literacy; (2) Relational: (a) Dying alone, (b) poor communication, and (c) existential issues; and (3) Contextual: (a) disrupted collective mourning and grieving, (b) disrupted compassionate care and, (c) pandemic social stigma. This study contributed a full definition of death unpreparedness in a global pandemic scenario such as COVID-19. In this sense, feeling unprepared or unready for death brought new challenges to the bioecological resources of those affected. It is essential to embrace strategies capable of providing emotional and spiritual support in the dying process and to respect patient wishes. The lessons learned from COVID-19 should be applied to events with a comparable impact to minimize their consequences.