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Stable isotope ratios and current-use pesticide levels in edible insects: Implications on chemical food safety
[Display omitted] •Isotope compositions of edible insects differed between countries.•Stable isotopes could be used to determine pesticide occurrence in edible insects.•26 CUPs were identified via suspect screening using HRMS.•30 additional CUPs were quantified by target analysis using tandem mass s...
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| Published in: | Food research international 2024-03, Vol.179, p.114020-114020, Article 114020 |
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| container_title | Food research international |
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| creator | Macan Schönleben, Alicia Yin, Shanshan Strak, Ethan Johnson, Alison Belova, Lidia Ait Bamai, Yu van Nuijs, Alexander L.N. Poma, Giulia Covaci, Adrian |
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•Isotope compositions of edible insects differed between countries.•Stable isotopes could be used to determine pesticide occurrence in edible insects.•26 CUPs were identified via suspect screening using HRMS.•30 additional CUPs were quantified by target analysis using tandem mass spectrometry.•We found limited chemical risk in edible insects regarding pesticide contamination.
In the past years, the European Union (EU) has added edible insects to the list of novel foods, allowing an increasing number of insect-based products into the European market. With insects gaining more popularity in the Western world, it is crucial to investigate their chemical food safety. This study aimed at investigating possible isotopic patterns in different edible insect species (n = 52) from Asia, Africa and Europe using stable isotope ratio analysis (SIRA) to provide a framework for future investigations on food authenticity and traceability. Additionally, complementary mass-spectrometric screening approaches were applied to gain a comprehensive overview of contamination levels of current-use pesticides (CUPs) in edible insects, to assess their chemical food safety. SIRA revealed significant differences between countries in δ13CVPDB- (p |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1016/j.foodres.2024.114020 |
| format | article |
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•Isotope compositions of edible insects differed between countries.•Stable isotopes could be used to determine pesticide occurrence in edible insects.•26 CUPs were identified via suspect screening using HRMS.•30 additional CUPs were quantified by target analysis using tandem mass spectrometry.•We found limited chemical risk in edible insects regarding pesticide contamination.
In the past years, the European Union (EU) has added edible insects to the list of novel foods, allowing an increasing number of insect-based products into the European market. With insects gaining more popularity in the Western world, it is crucial to investigate their chemical food safety. This study aimed at investigating possible isotopic patterns in different edible insect species (n = 52) from Asia, Africa and Europe using stable isotope ratio analysis (SIRA) to provide a framework for future investigations on food authenticity and traceability. Additionally, complementary mass-spectrometric screening approaches were applied to gain a comprehensive overview of contamination levels of current-use pesticides (CUPs) in edible insects, to assess their chemical food safety. SIRA revealed significant differences between countries in δ13CVPDB- (p < 0.001) and δ15Nair- (p < 0.001) values. While it was not possible to distinguish between individual countries using principal component analysis (PCA) and linear discriminative analysis (LDA), the latter could be used to distinguish between larger geographical areas (i.e. Africa, Europe and Asia). In general, African samples had a more distinct isotopic profile compared to European and Asian samples. When comparing the isotopic compositions of samples containing pesticides with samples with no detected pesticides, differences in sulphur compositions could be observed. Additionally, LDA was able to correctly classify the presence of pesticides in a sample with 76% correct classification based on the sulphur composition. These findings show that SIRA could be a useful tool to provide a framework for future investigations on food authenticity and traceability of edible insects. A total of 26 CUPs were detected using suspect screening and an additional 30 CUPS were quantified using target analysis, out of which 9 compounds had a detection frequency higher than 30%. Most detected pesticides were below the maximum residue levels (MRLs) for meat, suggesting low contamination levels. However, dichlorvos and fipronil could be detected in the same order of magnitude as the MRLs, even in samples purchased in Europe. These findings indicate a limited chemical risk for edible insects regarding pesticide contamination. Nevertheless, the study also highlights that further and more extensive investigations are needed to give a comprehensive assessment of the chemical risk of edible insects as a novel food source in Europe. With insects recently being potentially more incorporated into daily diets, more attention should be paid to possible chemical hazards to accurately assess their risk and to ensure food safety.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0963-9969</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1873-7145</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2024.114020</identifier><identifier>PMID: 38342520</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Canada: Elsevier Ltd</publisher><subject>Environmental contaminants ; Food authenticity ; Food safety ; High-resolution mass spectrometry ; Novel food ; Pesticide screening ; Stable isotope ratio analysis</subject><ispartof>Food research international, 2024-03, Vol.179, p.114020-114020, Article 114020</ispartof><rights>2024 The Author(s)</rights><rights>Copyright © 2024 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c412t-60f13d31bee37e0322facdb605933a5309587cfb779f5ea534c601097d4a1df33</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c412t-60f13d31bee37e0322facdb605933a5309587cfb779f5ea534c601097d4a1df33</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><link.rule.ids>314,780,784,27924,27925</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/38342520$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Macan Schönleben, Alicia</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Yin, Shanshan</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Strak, Ethan</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Johnson, Alison</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Belova, Lidia</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ait Bamai, Yu</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>van Nuijs, Alexander L.N.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Poma, Giulia</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Covaci, Adrian</creatorcontrib><title>Stable isotope ratios and current-use pesticide levels in edible insects: Implications on chemical food safety</title><title>Food research international</title><addtitle>Food Res Int</addtitle><description>[Display omitted]
•Isotope compositions of edible insects differed between countries.•Stable isotopes could be used to determine pesticide occurrence in edible insects.•26 CUPs were identified via suspect screening using HRMS.•30 additional CUPs were quantified by target analysis using tandem mass spectrometry.•We found limited chemical risk in edible insects regarding pesticide contamination.
In the past years, the European Union (EU) has added edible insects to the list of novel foods, allowing an increasing number of insect-based products into the European market. With insects gaining more popularity in the Western world, it is crucial to investigate their chemical food safety. This study aimed at investigating possible isotopic patterns in different edible insect species (n = 52) from Asia, Africa and Europe using stable isotope ratio analysis (SIRA) to provide a framework for future investigations on food authenticity and traceability. Additionally, complementary mass-spectrometric screening approaches were applied to gain a comprehensive overview of contamination levels of current-use pesticides (CUPs) in edible insects, to assess their chemical food safety. SIRA revealed significant differences between countries in δ13CVPDB- (p < 0.001) and δ15Nair- (p < 0.001) values. While it was not possible to distinguish between individual countries using principal component analysis (PCA) and linear discriminative analysis (LDA), the latter could be used to distinguish between larger geographical areas (i.e. Africa, Europe and Asia). In general, African samples had a more distinct isotopic profile compared to European and Asian samples. When comparing the isotopic compositions of samples containing pesticides with samples with no detected pesticides, differences in sulphur compositions could be observed. Additionally, LDA was able to correctly classify the presence of pesticides in a sample with 76% correct classification based on the sulphur composition. These findings show that SIRA could be a useful tool to provide a framework for future investigations on food authenticity and traceability of edible insects. A total of 26 CUPs were detected using suspect screening and an additional 30 CUPS were quantified using target analysis, out of which 9 compounds had a detection frequency higher than 30%. Most detected pesticides were below the maximum residue levels (MRLs) for meat, suggesting low contamination levels. However, dichlorvos and fipronil could be detected in the same order of magnitude as the MRLs, even in samples purchased in Europe. These findings indicate a limited chemical risk for edible insects regarding pesticide contamination. Nevertheless, the study also highlights that further and more extensive investigations are needed to give a comprehensive assessment of the chemical risk of edible insects as a novel food source in Europe. With insects recently being potentially more incorporated into daily diets, more attention should be paid to possible chemical hazards to accurately assess their risk and to ensure food safety.</description><subject>Environmental contaminants</subject><subject>Food authenticity</subject><subject>Food safety</subject><subject>High-resolution mass spectrometry</subject><subject>Novel food</subject><subject>Pesticide screening</subject><subject>Stable isotope ratio analysis</subject><issn>0963-9969</issn><issn>1873-7145</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2024</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><recordid>eNqFkM2LFDEQxYMo7rj6Jyg5eukxn90TLyKLHwsLHtRzSCcVzNCdtKnuhf3vN-OMXj0VVbxX7_Ej5DVne854_-64j6WECrgXTKg954oJ9oTs-GGQ3cCVfkp2zPSyM6Y3V-QF4pEx1uvBPCdX8iCV0ILtSP6-unECmrCsZQFa3ZoKUpcD9VutkNduQ6AL4Jp8CkAnuIcJacoUQvrjzAh-xff0dl6m5E_-jLRk6n_B3PaJnopSdBHWh5fkWXQTwqvLvCY_P3_6cfO1u_v25fbm413nFRdr17PIZZB8BJADMClEdD6MPdNGSqclM_ow-DgOg4ka2kH5nnFmhqAcD1HKa_L2_Hep5ffWyts5oYdpchnKhlYYodVB9oo1qT5LfS2IFaJdappdfbCc2RNqe7QX1PaE2p5RN9-bS8Q2zhD-uf6ybYIPZ0HjBfcJqkWfIPvGrTZiNpT0n4hHpcOTZg</recordid><startdate>202403</startdate><enddate>202403</enddate><creator>Macan Schönleben, Alicia</creator><creator>Yin, Shanshan</creator><creator>Strak, Ethan</creator><creator>Johnson, Alison</creator><creator>Belova, Lidia</creator><creator>Ait Bamai, Yu</creator><creator>van Nuijs, Alexander L.N.</creator><creator>Poma, Giulia</creator><creator>Covaci, Adrian</creator><general>Elsevier Ltd</general><scope>6I.</scope><scope>AAFTH</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>7X8</scope></search><sort><creationdate>202403</creationdate><title>Stable isotope ratios and current-use pesticide levels in edible insects: Implications on chemical food safety</title><author>Macan Schönleben, Alicia ; Yin, Shanshan ; Strak, Ethan ; Johnson, Alison ; Belova, Lidia ; Ait Bamai, Yu ; van Nuijs, Alexander L.N. ; Poma, Giulia ; Covaci, Adrian</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c412t-60f13d31bee37e0322facdb605933a5309587cfb779f5ea534c601097d4a1df33</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2024</creationdate><topic>Environmental contaminants</topic><topic>Food authenticity</topic><topic>Food safety</topic><topic>High-resolution mass spectrometry</topic><topic>Novel food</topic><topic>Pesticide screening</topic><topic>Stable isotope ratio analysis</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Macan Schönleben, Alicia</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Yin, Shanshan</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Strak, Ethan</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Johnson, Alison</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Belova, Lidia</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ait Bamai, Yu</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>van Nuijs, Alexander L.N.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Poma, Giulia</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Covaci, Adrian</creatorcontrib><collection>ScienceDirect Open Access Titles</collection><collection>Elsevier:ScienceDirect:Open Access</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><jtitle>Food research international</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Macan Schönleben, Alicia</au><au>Yin, Shanshan</au><au>Strak, Ethan</au><au>Johnson, Alison</au><au>Belova, Lidia</au><au>Ait Bamai, Yu</au><au>van Nuijs, Alexander L.N.</au><au>Poma, Giulia</au><au>Covaci, Adrian</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Stable isotope ratios and current-use pesticide levels in edible insects: Implications on chemical food safety</atitle><jtitle>Food research international</jtitle><addtitle>Food Res Int</addtitle><date>2024-03</date><risdate>2024</risdate><volume>179</volume><spage>114020</spage><epage>114020</epage><pages>114020-114020</pages><artnum>114020</artnum><issn>0963-9969</issn><eissn>1873-7145</eissn><abstract>[Display omitted]
•Isotope compositions of edible insects differed between countries.•Stable isotopes could be used to determine pesticide occurrence in edible insects.•26 CUPs were identified via suspect screening using HRMS.•30 additional CUPs were quantified by target analysis using tandem mass spectrometry.•We found limited chemical risk in edible insects regarding pesticide contamination.
In the past years, the European Union (EU) has added edible insects to the list of novel foods, allowing an increasing number of insect-based products into the European market. With insects gaining more popularity in the Western world, it is crucial to investigate their chemical food safety. This study aimed at investigating possible isotopic patterns in different edible insect species (n = 52) from Asia, Africa and Europe using stable isotope ratio analysis (SIRA) to provide a framework for future investigations on food authenticity and traceability. Additionally, complementary mass-spectrometric screening approaches were applied to gain a comprehensive overview of contamination levels of current-use pesticides (CUPs) in edible insects, to assess their chemical food safety. SIRA revealed significant differences between countries in δ13CVPDB- (p < 0.001) and δ15Nair- (p < 0.001) values. While it was not possible to distinguish between individual countries using principal component analysis (PCA) and linear discriminative analysis (LDA), the latter could be used to distinguish between larger geographical areas (i.e. Africa, Europe and Asia). In general, African samples had a more distinct isotopic profile compared to European and Asian samples. When comparing the isotopic compositions of samples containing pesticides with samples with no detected pesticides, differences in sulphur compositions could be observed. Additionally, LDA was able to correctly classify the presence of pesticides in a sample with 76% correct classification based on the sulphur composition. These findings show that SIRA could be a useful tool to provide a framework for future investigations on food authenticity and traceability of edible insects. A total of 26 CUPs were detected using suspect screening and an additional 30 CUPS were quantified using target analysis, out of which 9 compounds had a detection frequency higher than 30%. Most detected pesticides were below the maximum residue levels (MRLs) for meat, suggesting low contamination levels. However, dichlorvos and fipronil could be detected in the same order of magnitude as the MRLs, even in samples purchased in Europe. These findings indicate a limited chemical risk for edible insects regarding pesticide contamination. Nevertheless, the study also highlights that further and more extensive investigations are needed to give a comprehensive assessment of the chemical risk of edible insects as a novel food source in Europe. With insects recently being potentially more incorporated into daily diets, more attention should be paid to possible chemical hazards to accurately assess their risk and to ensure food safety.</abstract><cop>Canada</cop><pub>Elsevier Ltd</pub><pmid>38342520</pmid><doi>10.1016/j.foodres.2024.114020</doi><tpages>1</tpages><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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| source | ScienceDirect Freedom Collection 2022-2024 |
| subjects | Environmental contaminants Food authenticity Food safety High-resolution mass spectrometry Novel food Pesticide screening Stable isotope ratio analysis |
| title | Stable isotope ratios and current-use pesticide levels in edible insects: Implications on chemical food safety |
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