Rocephin‐graphene oxide‐silver nanocomposites: A versatile platform for biomedical applications

• Published in: Microscopy research and technique 2024-07, Vol.87 (7), p.1479-1493
• Main Authors: Kashif, Humaira, Ahmed, Muhammad Naeem, Altaf, Muhammad, Haq, Ihsan ul, Iqbal, Anila, Haq, Sirajul
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents - pharmacology; Anti-Infective Agents - pharmacology; Antioxidants - chemistry; Antioxidants - pharmacology; Artemia - drug effects; Biocompatibility; biological analysis; Biomedical materials; Carbon; Ceftriaxone; Cell viability; characterization; Chemical composition; Conjugation; Crystallites; Crystals; Cytotoxicity; Degree of crystallinity; Electrostatic properties; Fourier transforms; Fungicides; Graphene; graphene oxide; Graphite - chemistry; Humans; Hydrogen bonds; Infrared analysis; Infrared spectroscopy; Lethality; Metal Nanoparticles - chemistry; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; Musa - chemistry; Nanocomposites; Nanocomposites - chemistry; Nanomaterials; Nanoparticles; Rocephin; Scanning electron microscopy; Silver; Silver - chemistry; Silver - pharmacology; silver nanoparticles; Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared; Spectrum analysis; Substrates; Synthesis; X-Ray Diffraction
• ISSN: 1059-910X; 1097-0029; 1097-0029
• DOI: 10.1002/jemt.24536

For many years, the synthesis of graphene oxide (GO) had involved exfoliating graphite flakes, and the methods applied were expensive and time‐consuming. Thus, an attempt had been made to create an inventive, less expensive method for the synthesis of GO using unrefined, raw carbon‐containing material. Modified Hummer's method was used to prepare GO from banana peel. In addition, the metallic silver nanocomposite was also synthesized along with laoding of drug Rocephin where they interact with each other through electrostatic hydrogen bond interaction. The degree of crystallinity and the crystallite size were through x‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis and the crystallite size of AgNPs was found to be 40.40 nm. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis shows that the morphology of the GO gradually changes with the addition of AgNPs and Rocephin. A blue shift was seen in the absorbance maxima of the raw carbon upon the conjugation of Rocephin in UV analysis. The Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy, and energy dispersive X‐ray (EDX) spectroscopy were used to determine the chemical composition of the samples. Furthermore, a broad biological screening of the synthesized samples had been carried out following the total reducing power (TRP), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), antibacterial, antifungal, MTT (Cytotoxicity of biologically synthesized silver nanoparticles in MDA‐MB‐231 human breast cancer cells) cell viability, brine shrimp lethality, and hemolytic protocols. Significant results were obtained, and the Rocephin‐GO‐AgNPs had depicted promising activity as compared with their counterparts. Research Highlights The GO was prepared from the raw carbon extracted from banana peels and was used as a substrate for the synthesis Graphene oxide silver nanoparticles (GO‐AgNPs) and Rocephin‐loaded graphene oxide silver nanoparticles (Rocephin‐GO‐AgNPs) The structural and compositional analysis of the nanomaterial was carried out, and they were screened for several biomedical applications. The Rocephin‐GO‐AgNPs exhibit the highest activity as compared with their counterparts. The banana fruit peel was used as a precursor for the synthesis of graphene oxide (GO) following a modified Hummer's protocol. The graphene oxide‐silver nanoparticles (GO‐AgNPs) and Rocephin‐loaded graphene oxide‐silver nanoparticles (Rocephin‐GO‐AgNP) were prepared by chemical precipitation methods. The synthesized samples were characterized and screened for different biological applic