The Biocatalytic Potential of Aromatic Ammonia–Lyase from Loktanella atrilutea

• Published in: Chembiochem : a European journal of chemical biology 2024-05, Vol.25 (9), p.e202400011-n/a
• Main Authors: Tomoiaga, R. B., Ágoston, G., Boros, K., Nagy, L. C., Toşa, M. I., Paizs, C., Bencze, L. C.
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Adaptability; Ammonia; ammonia addition reactions; Ammonium; aromatic ammonia–lyases; Cinnamic acid; Enzymatic activity; Enzyme activity; l-phenylalanines; pH effects; Phenylalanine; Stability; Substitutes; substrate scope; Substrate specificity; Substrates; Tyrosine
• ISSN: 1439-4227; 1439-7633
• DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202400011

Characterization of the aromatic ammonia–lyase from Loktanella atrilutea (LaAAL) revealed reduced activity towards canonical AAL substrates: l‐Phe, l‐Tyr, and l‐His, contrasted by its pronounced efficiency towards 3,4‐dimethoxy‐l‐phenylalanine. Assessing the optimal conditions, LaAAL exhibited maximal activity at pH 9.5 in the ammonia elimination reaction route, distinct from the typical pH ranges of most PALs and TALs. Within the exploration of the ammonia source for the opposite, synthetically valuable ammonia addition reaction, the stability of LaAAL exhibited a positive correlation with the ammonia concentration, with the highest stability in 4 M ammonium carbamate of unadjusted pH of ~9.5. While the enzyme activity increased with rising temperatures yet, the highest operational stability and highest stationary conversions of LaAAL were observed at 30 °C. The substrate scope analysis highlighted the catalytic adaptability of LaAAL in the hydroamination of diverse cinnamic acids, especially of meta‐substituted and di‐/multi–substituted analogues, with structural modelling exposing steric clashes between the substrates’ ortho–substituents and catalytic site residues. LaAAL showed a predilection for ammonia elimination, while classifying as a tyrosine ammonia–lyase (TAL) among the natural AAL classes. However, its distinctive attributes, such as genomic context, unique substrate specificity and catalytic fingerprint, suggest a potential natural role beyond those of known AAL classes. The aromatic ammonia–lyase from Loktanella atrilutea (LaAAL) displays a high activity towards 3,4‐dimethoxy trans–cinnamic acid, with a surprisingly diminished activity towards natural AAL substrates. Under the optimal reaction conditions LaAAL exhibited versatility for the transformation of various cinnamic acids. While LaAAL might be classified as a tyrosine ammonia‐lyase (TAL, E.C. 4.3.1.23), its strongly distinctive attributes argue for an elemental role in the transformation of non‐natural phenylalanines.