The application and development of electron microscopy for three-dimensional reconstruction in life science: a review

Imaging technologies have played a pivotal role in advancing biological research by enabling visualization of biological structures and processes. While traditional electron microscopy (EM) produces two-dimensional images, emerging techniques now allow high-resolution three-dimensional (3D) characte...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:Cell and tissue research 2024-04, Vol.396 (1), p.1-18
Main Authors: Zhao, Jingjing, Yu, Xiaoping, Shentu, Xuping, Li, Danting
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Biomedical and Life Sciences
Biomedicine
Electron microscopes
Human Genetics
Life sciences
Molecular Medicine
Proteomics
Review
Scanning electron microscopy
Sectioning
Structure-function relationships
Transmission electron microscopy
Ultrastructure
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Summary:Imaging technologies have played a pivotal role in advancing biological research by enabling visualization of biological structures and processes. While traditional electron microscopy (EM) produces two-dimensional images, emerging techniques now allow high-resolution three-dimensional (3D) characterization of specimens in situ, meeting growing needs in molecular and cellular biology. Combining transmission electron microscopy (TEM) with serial sectioning inaugurated 3D imaging, attracting biologists seeking to explore cell ultrastructure and driving advancement of 3D EM reconstruction. By comprehensively and precisely rendering internal structure and distribution, 3D TEM reconstruction provides unparalleled ultrastructural insights into cells and molecules, holding tremendous value for elucidating structure–function relationships and broadly propelling structural biology. Here, we first introduce the principle of 3D reconstruction of cells and tissues by classical approaches in TEM and then discuss modern technologies utilizing TEM and on new SEM-based as well as cryo-electron microscope (cryo-EM) techniques. 3D reconstruction techniques from serial sections, electron tomography (ET), and the recent single-particle analysis (SPA) are examined; the focused ion beam scanning electron microscopy (FIB-SEM), the serial block-face scanning electron microscopy (SBF-SEM), and automatic tape-collecting lathe ultramicrotome (ATUM-SEM) for 3D reconstruction of large volumes are discussed. Finally, we review the challenges and development prospects of these technologies in life science. It aims to provide an informative reference for biological researchers.
ISSN:0302-766X
1432-0878
DOI:10.1007/s00441-024-03878-7