A nation-wide study for the occurrence of PPD antioxidants and 6PPD-quinone in road dusts of China

N,N′-substituted p-phenylenediamines (PPDs) are widely used antioxidants in rubber tires, which could be released and accumulated in road dusts with rubber tires wear. As ozonation product of N-(1,3-dimethylbutyl)-N′-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine (6PPD), 6PPD-quinone (6PPD-Q) exhibited higher toxicity t...

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Published in:The Science of the total environment 2024-04, Vol.922, p.171393-171393, Article 171393
Main Authors: Zhang, Yuying, Yan, Lei, Wang, Longxing, Zhang, Haijun, Chen, Jiping, Geng, Ningbo
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
6PPD-quinone
Adult
Antioxidants
Child
Dust - analysis
Environmental Monitoring
Humans
PPD antioxidants
Quinones
Road dust
Rubber
Traffic functional regions
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Summary:N,N′-substituted p-phenylenediamines (PPDs) are widely used antioxidants in rubber tires, which could be released and accumulated in road dusts with rubber tires wear. As ozonation product of N-(1,3-dimethylbutyl)-N′-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine (6PPD), 6PPD-quinone (6PPD-Q) exhibited higher toxicity to coho salmon. However, studies on their environmental behaviors are still limited. Road dust is the major medium PPDs exist, which significantly affects the levels of PPDs in other mediums, especially surface water and particulate matter. In this study, road dust samples were collected in 55 major cities of China to explore the distribution characteristics of PPDs and 6PPD-Q. The concentrations of total PPDs (ΣPPDs) and 6PPD-Q in urban trunk road dust samples were in the ranges of 7.90–727 and 3.00–349 ng/g, with median concentrations of 68 and 49 ng/g, respectively. 6PPD and 6PPD-Q are the dominant components in most road dusts. The functional region-dependent pollution characteristics of PPDs and 6PPD-Q give the first finding that urban tunnel road was the highly polluted region, followed by urban trunk roads. Suburban road dusts had a lower pollution level. Moreover, the estimated daily intake (EDI) of PPDs and 6PPD-Q for children was much higher than adults. [Display omitted] •Characteristics of PPDs and 6PPD-Q in road dusts were investigated across China.•6PPD-Q and 6PPD were the dominant components in road dusts.•The median concentration of 6PPD-Q in urban trunk road dusts was 49.4 ng/g.•PPDs and 6PPD-Q showed traffic functional region-dependent differences.•Runoff potential assessment indicate the risk of 6PPD-Q to aquatic organisms.
ISSN:0048-9697
1879-1026
DOI:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171393