Structure-Activity Relationship and Voltage Dependence for the Drug–Drug Interaction between Amiodarone Analogs and MNI-1 at the L-type Cav Channel

• Published in: The Journal of pharmacology and experimental therapeutics 2024-05, Vol.389 (2), p.229-242
• Main Authors: Wang, Jixin, Zeng, Haoyu, Dong, Grace, Waddell, Sherman, McCauley, John, Lagrutta, Armando
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• ISSN: 0022-3565; 1521-0103; 1521-0103
• DOI: 10.1124/jpet.123.001858

The drug–drug interaction (DDI) between amiodarone (AMIO) and sofosbuvir (SOF), a direct-acting hepatitis-C NS5B nucleotide polymerase inhibitor, has been associated with severe bradyarrhythmia in patients. Recent cryo-EM data has revealed that this DDI occurs at the α-subunit of L-type Cav channels, with AMIO binding at the fenestration site and SOF [or MSD nucleotide inhibitor #1 (MNI-1): analog of SOF] binding at the central cavity of the conductance pathway. In this study, we investigated the DDI between 21 AMIO analogs, including dronedarone (DRON) and MNI-1 (or SOF) in human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (hiPSC-CMs) and hCav1.2 models. Our findings indicate that among the tested AMIO analogs in hiPSC-CMs at clinically relevant concentrations, only three analogs (AA-9, AA-10, and AA-17) were able to effectively substitute for AMIO in this DDI with 1 µ M MNI-1. This highlights the importance of the diethyl amino group of AMIO for interacting with MNI-1. In the hCav1.2 model, desethylamiodarone (AA-12) demonstrated synergy with 90 µ M MNI-1, while three other analogs with modifications to the position of the diethyl amino group or removal of iodo groups showed weaker synergy with 90 µ M MNI-1. Interestingly, DRON did not exhibit any interaction with 270 µ M SOF or 90 µ M MNI-1, suggesting that it could safely replace AMIO in patients requiring SOF treatment, other clinically relevant differences considered. Overall, our functional data align with the cryo-EM data, highlighting that this DDI is dependent on the structure of AMIO and cardiomyocyte resting membrane potential. Our findings point to specific residues in the AMIO molecule playing a critical role in the DDI between AMIO and MNI-1 (SOF analog), confirming cryo-EM results. Applied at clinically relevant AMIO’s concentrations or projected MNI-1’s concentrations at the resting potentials mimicking the sinoatrial node, this DDI significantly slowed down or completely inhibited the beating of hiPSC-CMs. Finally, these in vitro results support the safe replacement of AMIO (Cordarone) with DRON (Multaq) for patients requiring SOF treatment, other clinical caveats considered.