Widespread occurrence of two typical N, N’-substituted p-phenylenediamines and their quinones in humans: Association with oxidative stress and liver damage

• Published in: Journal of hazardous materials 2024-04, Vol.468, p.133835, Article 133835
• Main Authors: Song, Shiming, Gao, Yanxia, Feng, Shuai, Cheng, Zhipeng, Huang, Haibao, Xue, Jingchuan, Zhang, Tao, Sun, Hongwen
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: 8-Hydroxy-2'-Deoxyguanosine; Bilirubin; Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury; Humans; Liver damage; Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease; N’-substituted p-phenylenediamines; Oxidative Stress; Phenylenediamines - toxicity; Prostaglandins; Quinone derivative; Quinones - toxicity
• ISSN: 0304-3894; 1873-3336; 1873-3336
• DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.133835

While N, N’-substituted p-phenylenediamines (PPDs) and their quinone derivatives (PPDQs) have been widely detected in the environment, there is currently limited data on their occurrence in humans. In this study, we conducted the first serum analysis of two PPDs and PPDQs in the healthy and secondary nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (S-NAFLD) cohorts in South China. The concentrations of four oxidative stress biomarkers (OSBs), namely, 8-iso-prostaglandin F2α (8-PGF2α), 11β-prostaglandin F2α (11-PGF2α), 15(R)-prostaglandin F2α (15-PGF2α), and 8-hydroxy-2’-deoxyguanosine in serum samples were also measured. Results showed that N-(1,3-dimethybutyl)-N’-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine (6PPD) quinone was the predominant target analytes both in the healthy and S-NAFLD cohorts, with the median concentrations of 0.13 and 0.20 ng/mL, respectively. Significant (p