Human and environmental risk assessment of pharmaceuticals: differences, similarities, lessons from toxicology

The presence of human and veterinary pharmaceuticals in the environment has caused increasing concern due their effects on ecological receptors. Improving the risk assessment of these compounds necessitates a quantitative understanding of their metabolism and elimination in the target organism (toxi...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry 2007-02, Vol.387 (4), p.1259-1268
Main Authors: Dorne, J. L. C. M, Skinner, L, Frampton, G. K, Spurgeon, D. J, Ragas, A. M. J
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Animals
cytochrome P-450
Cytochromes
Cytochromes - metabolism
Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions
Drugs
Ecological effects
Ecological risk assessment
Ecology
Ecotoxicogenomics
Environment
Environmental assessment
Environmental perception
Environmental risk
Human risk assessment
Humans
Metabolism
New technology
Pharmaceutical Preparations - analysis
Pharmaceutical Preparations - chemistry
Pharmaceuticals
pharmacokinetics
Risk Assessment
Similarity
Toxicity
Toxicodynamics
Toxicology
uncertainty analysis
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Summary:The presence of human and veterinary pharmaceuticals in the environment has caused increasing concern due their effects on ecological receptors. Improving the risk assessment of these compounds necessitates a quantitative understanding of their metabolism and elimination in the target organism (toxicokinetics), particularly via the ubiquitous cytochrome P-450 (CYP) system and their mechanisms of toxicity (toxicodynamics). This review focuses on a number of pharmaceuticals and veterinary medicines of environmental concern, and the differences and similarities between ecological and human risk assessment. CYP metabolism is discussed with particular reference to its ubiquity in species of ecological relevance. The important issue of pharmaceutical mixtures is discussed to assess how emerging technologies such as ecotoxicogenomics may assist in moving towards a more mechanism-based environmental risk assessment of pharmaceuticals.
ISSN:1618-2642
1618-2650
DOI:10.1007/s00216-006-0963-7