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Short, frequent, light‐intensity walking activity improves postprandial vascular‐inflammatory biomarkers in people with type 1 diabetes: The SIT‐LESS randomized controlled trial
Aim To examine the effect of interrupting prolonged sitting with short, frequent, light‐intensity activity on postprandial cardiovascular markers in people with type 1 diabetes (T1D). Materials and Methods In a randomized crossover trial, 32 adults with T1D (mean ± SD age 28 ± 5 years, glycated haem...
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| Published in: | Diabetes, obesity & metabolism obesity & metabolism, 2024-06, Vol.26 (6), p.2439-2445 |
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| container_title | Diabetes, obesity & metabolism |
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| creator | Safdar, Nawaz Z. Alobaid, Anwar M. Hopkins, Mark Dempsey, Paddy C. Pearson, Sam M. Kietsiriroje, Noppadol Churm, Rachel Ajjan, Ramzi A. Campbell, Matthew D. |
| description | Aim
To examine the effect of interrupting prolonged sitting with short, frequent, light‐intensity activity on postprandial cardiovascular markers in people with type 1 diabetes (T1D).
Materials and Methods
In a randomized crossover trial, 32 adults with T1D (mean ± SD age 28 ± 5 years, glycated haemoglobin 67.9 ± 12.6 mmol/mol, 17 women) completed two 7‐h laboratory visits separated by >7 days. Participants either remained seated for 7 h (SIT) or interrupted sitting with 3‐min bouts of self‐paced walking at 30‐min intervals commencing 1 h after each meal (SIT‐LESS). Physical activity, insulin regimen, experimental start times, and meal consumption were standardized during each arm. Plasma levels of interleukin (IL)‐1β, tumour necrosis factor (TNF)‐α, plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI)‐1 and fibrinogen were sampled at baseline, 3.5 and 7 h, and assessed for within‐ and between‐group effects using a repeated measures ANOVA. The estimated glucose disposal rate was used to determine the insulin resistance status.
Results
Vascular‐inflammatory parameters were comparable between SIT and SIT‐LESS at baseline (p > .05). TNF‐α, IL‐1β, PAI‐1 and fibrinogen increased over time under SIT, whereas these rises were attenuated under SIT‐LESS (p |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1111/dom.15564 |
| format | article |
| fullrecord | <record><control><sourceid>proquest_cross</sourceid><recordid>TN_cdi_proquest_miscellaneous_3031133131</recordid><sourceformat>XML</sourceformat><sourcesystem>PC</sourcesystem><sourcerecordid>3051785341</sourcerecordid><originalsourceid>FETCH-LOGICAL-c3484-1a16db8e57596fcc181da015ad5b0e74442864aed4506d89ceaaab0465fe559f3</originalsourceid><addsrcrecordid>eNp1kUFuEzEUhi0EoiWw4ALIEhuQmNYe2xOHHSoFKgV1kbAeeTxvGrcee7A9iYYVR-A23IeT4CSFBRL2wr-s7_32ez9Czyk5o3mdt74_o0JU_AE6pbxiBWVl9fCgy0IuSHmCnsR4SwjhTM4foxMmhZCi5Kfo52rjQ3qDuwBfR3BZWXOzSb--_zAugYsmTXin7J1xN1jpZLb7C9MPwW8h4sHHNATlWqMs3qqoR6vCobazqu9V8mHCjfG9CncQIjYOD-AHC3hn0ganaQBMca5uIEF8i9cbwKurdXZYXq5WeO_se_MNWqy9S8Fbm2UK-bWn6FGnbIRn9-cMfflwub74VCyvP15dvFsWmnHJC6po1TYSxFwsqk5rKmmrCBWqFQ2BOee8lBVX0HJBqlYuNCilGsIr0YEQi47N0Kujb-44DyimujdRg7XKgR9jzQijlDGa9wy9_Ae99WNw-XeZEnQuBeN76vWR0sHHGKCrh2DyfKaaknqfZp1brg9pZvbFvePY9ND-Jf_El4HzI7AzFqb_O9Xvrz8fLX8DJWSwLg</addsrcrecordid><sourcetype>Aggregation Database</sourcetype><iscdi>true</iscdi><recordtype>article</recordtype><pqid>3051785341</pqid></control><display><type>article</type><title>Short, frequent, light‐intensity walking activity improves postprandial vascular‐inflammatory biomarkers in people with type 1 diabetes: The SIT‐LESS randomized controlled trial</title><source>Wiley-Blackwell Read & Publish Collection</source><creator>Safdar, Nawaz Z. ; Alobaid, Anwar M. ; Hopkins, Mark ; Dempsey, Paddy C. ; Pearson, Sam M. ; Kietsiriroje, Noppadol ; Churm, Rachel ; Ajjan, Ramzi A. ; Campbell, Matthew D.</creator><creatorcontrib>Safdar, Nawaz Z. ; Alobaid, Anwar M. ; Hopkins, Mark ; Dempsey, Paddy C. ; Pearson, Sam M. ; Kietsiriroje, Noppadol ; Churm, Rachel ; Ajjan, Ramzi A. ; Campbell, Matthew D.</creatorcontrib><description>Aim
To examine the effect of interrupting prolonged sitting with short, frequent, light‐intensity activity on postprandial cardiovascular markers in people with type 1 diabetes (T1D).
Materials and Methods
In a randomized crossover trial, 32 adults with T1D (mean ± SD age 28 ± 5 years, glycated haemoglobin 67.9 ± 12.6 mmol/mol, 17 women) completed two 7‐h laboratory visits separated by >7 days. Participants either remained seated for 7 h (SIT) or interrupted sitting with 3‐min bouts of self‐paced walking at 30‐min intervals commencing 1 h after each meal (SIT‐LESS). Physical activity, insulin regimen, experimental start times, and meal consumption were standardized during each arm. Plasma levels of interleukin (IL)‐1β, tumour necrosis factor (TNF)‐α, plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI)‐1 and fibrinogen were sampled at baseline, 3.5 and 7 h, and assessed for within‐ and between‐group effects using a repeated measures ANOVA. The estimated glucose disposal rate was used to determine the insulin resistance status.
Results
Vascular‐inflammatory parameters were comparable between SIT and SIT‐LESS at baseline (p > .05). TNF‐α, IL‐1β, PAI‐1 and fibrinogen increased over time under SIT, whereas these rises were attenuated under SIT‐LESS (p < .001). Specifically, over the 7 h under SIT, postprandial increases were detected in TNF‐α, IL‐1β, PAI‐1 and fibrinogen (+67%, +49%, +49% and +62%, respectively; p < .001 for all). Conversely, the SIT‐LESS group showed no change in IL‐1β (−9%; p > .50), whereas reductions were observed in TNF‐α, PAI‐1 and fibrinogen (−22%, −42% and −44%, respectively; p < .001 for all). The intervention showed enhanced effects in insulin‐resistant individuals with T1D.
Conclusions
Interrupting prolonged sitting with light‐intensity activity ameliorates postprandial increases in vascular‐inflammatory markers in T1D.
Trial Registration
The trial was prospectively registered (ISRCTN13641847).</description><identifier>ISSN: 1462-8902</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1463-1326</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1111/dom.15564</identifier><identifier>PMID: 38558524</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishing Ltd</publisher><subject>Adult ; Biomarkers - blood ; Blood Glucose - analysis ; Blood Glucose - metabolism ; Cross-Over Studies ; Diabetes ; Diabetes mellitus (insulin dependent) ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 - blood ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 - physiopathology ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 - therapy ; Exercise ; Female ; Fibrinogen ; Fibrinogen - analysis ; Fibrinogen - metabolism ; Hemoglobin ; Humans ; Inflammation ; Inflammation - blood ; Insulin ; Insulin Resistance ; Interleukin-1beta - blood ; Male ; Physical activity ; Plasma levels ; Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1 - blood ; Plasminogen activator inhibitors ; Postprandial Period - physiology ; sedentariness ; Sedentary Behavior ; thrombosis ; Tumor necrosis factor ; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha - blood ; Tumor necrosis factor-TNF ; type 1 diabetes ; Walking - physiology ; Young Adult</subject><ispartof>Diabetes, obesity & metabolism, 2024-06, Vol.26 (6), p.2439-2445</ispartof><rights>2024 The Authors. published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.</rights><rights>2024 The Authors. Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.</rights><rights>2024. This article is published under http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (the “License”). Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c3484-1a16db8e57596fcc181da015ad5b0e74442864aed4506d89ceaaab0465fe559f3</cites><orcidid>0000-0001-5883-5041 ; 0000-0002-4232-7146 ; 0000-0002-5076-4450 ; 0000-0002-4943-6759</orcidid></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><link.rule.ids>314,780,784,27923,27924</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/38558524$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Safdar, Nawaz Z.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Alobaid, Anwar M.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Hopkins, Mark</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Dempsey, Paddy C.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Pearson, Sam M.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Kietsiriroje, Noppadol</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Churm, Rachel</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ajjan, Ramzi A.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Campbell, Matthew D.</creatorcontrib><title>Short, frequent, light‐intensity walking activity improves postprandial vascular‐inflammatory biomarkers in people with type 1 diabetes: The SIT‐LESS randomized controlled trial</title><title>Diabetes, obesity & metabolism</title><addtitle>Diabetes Obes Metab</addtitle><description>Aim
To examine the effect of interrupting prolonged sitting with short, frequent, light‐intensity activity on postprandial cardiovascular markers in people with type 1 diabetes (T1D).
Materials and Methods
In a randomized crossover trial, 32 adults with T1D (mean ± SD age 28 ± 5 years, glycated haemoglobin 67.9 ± 12.6 mmol/mol, 17 women) completed two 7‐h laboratory visits separated by >7 days. Participants either remained seated for 7 h (SIT) or interrupted sitting with 3‐min bouts of self‐paced walking at 30‐min intervals commencing 1 h after each meal (SIT‐LESS). Physical activity, insulin regimen, experimental start times, and meal consumption were standardized during each arm. Plasma levels of interleukin (IL)‐1β, tumour necrosis factor (TNF)‐α, plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI)‐1 and fibrinogen were sampled at baseline, 3.5 and 7 h, and assessed for within‐ and between‐group effects using a repeated measures ANOVA. The estimated glucose disposal rate was used to determine the insulin resistance status.
Results
Vascular‐inflammatory parameters were comparable between SIT and SIT‐LESS at baseline (p > .05). TNF‐α, IL‐1β, PAI‐1 and fibrinogen increased over time under SIT, whereas these rises were attenuated under SIT‐LESS (p < .001). Specifically, over the 7 h under SIT, postprandial increases were detected in TNF‐α, IL‐1β, PAI‐1 and fibrinogen (+67%, +49%, +49% and +62%, respectively; p < .001 for all). Conversely, the SIT‐LESS group showed no change in IL‐1β (−9%; p > .50), whereas reductions were observed in TNF‐α, PAI‐1 and fibrinogen (−22%, −42% and −44%, respectively; p < .001 for all). The intervention showed enhanced effects in insulin‐resistant individuals with T1D.
Conclusions
Interrupting prolonged sitting with light‐intensity activity ameliorates postprandial increases in vascular‐inflammatory markers in T1D.
Trial Registration
The trial was prospectively registered (ISRCTN13641847).</description><subject>Adult</subject><subject>Biomarkers - blood</subject><subject>Blood Glucose - analysis</subject><subject>Blood Glucose - metabolism</subject><subject>Cross-Over Studies</subject><subject>Diabetes</subject><subject>Diabetes mellitus (insulin dependent)</subject><subject>Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 - blood</subject><subject>Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 - physiopathology</subject><subject>Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 - therapy</subject><subject>Exercise</subject><subject>Female</subject><subject>Fibrinogen</subject><subject>Fibrinogen - analysis</subject><subject>Fibrinogen - metabolism</subject><subject>Hemoglobin</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>Inflammation</subject><subject>Inflammation - blood</subject><subject>Insulin</subject><subject>Insulin Resistance</subject><subject>Interleukin-1beta - blood</subject><subject>Male</subject><subject>Physical activity</subject><subject>Plasma levels</subject><subject>Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1 - blood</subject><subject>Plasminogen activator inhibitors</subject><subject>Postprandial Period - physiology</subject><subject>sedentariness</subject><subject>Sedentary Behavior</subject><subject>thrombosis</subject><subject>Tumor necrosis factor</subject><subject>Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha - blood</subject><subject>Tumor necrosis factor-TNF</subject><subject>type 1 diabetes</subject><subject>Walking - physiology</subject><subject>Young Adult</subject><issn>1462-8902</issn><issn>1463-1326</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2024</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>24P</sourceid><recordid>eNp1kUFuEzEUhi0EoiWw4ALIEhuQmNYe2xOHHSoFKgV1kbAeeTxvGrcee7A9iYYVR-A23IeT4CSFBRL2wr-s7_32ez9Czyk5o3mdt74_o0JU_AE6pbxiBWVl9fCgy0IuSHmCnsR4SwjhTM4foxMmhZCi5Kfo52rjQ3qDuwBfR3BZWXOzSb--_zAugYsmTXin7J1xN1jpZLb7C9MPwW8h4sHHNATlWqMs3qqoR6vCobazqu9V8mHCjfG9CncQIjYOD-AHC3hn0ganaQBMca5uIEF8i9cbwKurdXZYXq5WeO_se_MNWqy9S8Fbm2UK-bWn6FGnbIRn9-cMfflwub74VCyvP15dvFsWmnHJC6po1TYSxFwsqk5rKmmrCBWqFQ2BOee8lBVX0HJBqlYuNCilGsIr0YEQi47N0Kujb-44DyimujdRg7XKgR9jzQijlDGa9wy9_Ae99WNw-XeZEnQuBeN76vWR0sHHGKCrh2DyfKaaknqfZp1brg9pZvbFvePY9ND-Jf_El4HzI7AzFqb_O9Xvrz8fLX8DJWSwLg</recordid><startdate>202406</startdate><enddate>202406</enddate><creator>Safdar, Nawaz Z.</creator><creator>Alobaid, Anwar M.</creator><creator>Hopkins, Mark</creator><creator>Dempsey, Paddy C.</creator><creator>Pearson, Sam M.</creator><creator>Kietsiriroje, Noppadol</creator><creator>Churm, Rachel</creator><creator>Ajjan, Ramzi A.</creator><creator>Campbell, Matthew D.</creator><general>Blackwell Publishing Ltd</general><general>Wiley Subscription Services, Inc</general><scope>24P</scope><scope>WIN</scope><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>7T5</scope><scope>7TK</scope><scope>H94</scope><scope>K9.</scope><scope>7X8</scope><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5883-5041</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4232-7146</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5076-4450</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4943-6759</orcidid></search><sort><creationdate>202406</creationdate><title>Short, frequent, light‐intensity walking activity improves postprandial vascular‐inflammatory biomarkers in people with type 1 diabetes: The SIT‐LESS randomized controlled trial</title><author>Safdar, Nawaz Z. ; Alobaid, Anwar M. ; Hopkins, Mark ; Dempsey, Paddy C. ; Pearson, Sam M. ; Kietsiriroje, Noppadol ; Churm, Rachel ; Ajjan, Ramzi A. ; Campbell, Matthew D.</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c3484-1a16db8e57596fcc181da015ad5b0e74442864aed4506d89ceaaab0465fe559f3</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2024</creationdate><topic>Adult</topic><topic>Biomarkers - blood</topic><topic>Blood Glucose - analysis</topic><topic>Blood Glucose - metabolism</topic><topic>Cross-Over Studies</topic><topic>Diabetes</topic><topic>Diabetes mellitus (insulin dependent)</topic><topic>Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 - blood</topic><topic>Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 - physiopathology</topic><topic>Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 - therapy</topic><topic>Exercise</topic><topic>Female</topic><topic>Fibrinogen</topic><topic>Fibrinogen - analysis</topic><topic>Fibrinogen - metabolism</topic><topic>Hemoglobin</topic><topic>Humans</topic><topic>Inflammation</topic><topic>Inflammation - blood</topic><topic>Insulin</topic><topic>Insulin Resistance</topic><topic>Interleukin-1beta - blood</topic><topic>Male</topic><topic>Physical activity</topic><topic>Plasma levels</topic><topic>Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1 - blood</topic><topic>Plasminogen activator inhibitors</topic><topic>Postprandial Period - physiology</topic><topic>sedentariness</topic><topic>Sedentary Behavior</topic><topic>thrombosis</topic><topic>Tumor necrosis factor</topic><topic>Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha - blood</topic><topic>Tumor necrosis factor-TNF</topic><topic>type 1 diabetes</topic><topic>Walking - physiology</topic><topic>Young Adult</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Safdar, Nawaz Z.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Alobaid, Anwar M.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Hopkins, Mark</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Dempsey, Paddy C.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Pearson, Sam M.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Kietsiriroje, Noppadol</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Churm, Rachel</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ajjan, Ramzi A.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Campbell, Matthew D.</creatorcontrib><collection>Wiley Open Access Journals</collection><collection>Wiley Online Library Open Access</collection><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>Immunology Abstracts</collection><collection>Neurosciences Abstracts</collection><collection>AIDS and Cancer Research Abstracts</collection><collection>ProQuest Health & Medical Complete (Alumni)</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><jtitle>Diabetes, obesity & metabolism</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Safdar, Nawaz Z.</au><au>Alobaid, Anwar M.</au><au>Hopkins, Mark</au><au>Dempsey, Paddy C.</au><au>Pearson, Sam M.</au><au>Kietsiriroje, Noppadol</au><au>Churm, Rachel</au><au>Ajjan, Ramzi A.</au><au>Campbell, Matthew D.</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Short, frequent, light‐intensity walking activity improves postprandial vascular‐inflammatory biomarkers in people with type 1 diabetes: The SIT‐LESS randomized controlled trial</atitle><jtitle>Diabetes, obesity & metabolism</jtitle><addtitle>Diabetes Obes Metab</addtitle><date>2024-06</date><risdate>2024</risdate><volume>26</volume><issue>6</issue><spage>2439</spage><epage>2445</epage><pages>2439-2445</pages><issn>1462-8902</issn><eissn>1463-1326</eissn><abstract>Aim
To examine the effect of interrupting prolonged sitting with short, frequent, light‐intensity activity on postprandial cardiovascular markers in people with type 1 diabetes (T1D).
Materials and Methods
In a randomized crossover trial, 32 adults with T1D (mean ± SD age 28 ± 5 years, glycated haemoglobin 67.9 ± 12.6 mmol/mol, 17 women) completed two 7‐h laboratory visits separated by >7 days. Participants either remained seated for 7 h (SIT) or interrupted sitting with 3‐min bouts of self‐paced walking at 30‐min intervals commencing 1 h after each meal (SIT‐LESS). Physical activity, insulin regimen, experimental start times, and meal consumption were standardized during each arm. Plasma levels of interleukin (IL)‐1β, tumour necrosis factor (TNF)‐α, plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI)‐1 and fibrinogen were sampled at baseline, 3.5 and 7 h, and assessed for within‐ and between‐group effects using a repeated measures ANOVA. The estimated glucose disposal rate was used to determine the insulin resistance status.
Results
Vascular‐inflammatory parameters were comparable between SIT and SIT‐LESS at baseline (p > .05). TNF‐α, IL‐1β, PAI‐1 and fibrinogen increased over time under SIT, whereas these rises were attenuated under SIT‐LESS (p < .001). Specifically, over the 7 h under SIT, postprandial increases were detected in TNF‐α, IL‐1β, PAI‐1 and fibrinogen (+67%, +49%, +49% and +62%, respectively; p < .001 for all). Conversely, the SIT‐LESS group showed no change in IL‐1β (−9%; p > .50), whereas reductions were observed in TNF‐α, PAI‐1 and fibrinogen (−22%, −42% and −44%, respectively; p < .001 for all). The intervention showed enhanced effects in insulin‐resistant individuals with T1D.
Conclusions
Interrupting prolonged sitting with light‐intensity activity ameliorates postprandial increases in vascular‐inflammatory markers in T1D.
Trial Registration
The trial was prospectively registered (ISRCTN13641847).</abstract><cop>Oxford, UK</cop><pub>Blackwell Publishing Ltd</pub><pmid>38558524</pmid><doi>10.1111/dom.15564</doi><tpages>7</tpages><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5883-5041</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4232-7146</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5076-4450</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4943-6759</orcidid><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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| identifier | ISSN: 1462-8902 |
| ispartof | Diabetes, obesity & metabolism, 2024-06, Vol.26 (6), p.2439-2445 |
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| subjects | Adult Biomarkers - blood Blood Glucose - analysis Blood Glucose - metabolism Cross-Over Studies Diabetes Diabetes mellitus (insulin dependent) Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 - blood Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 - physiopathology Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 - therapy Exercise Female Fibrinogen Fibrinogen - analysis Fibrinogen - metabolism Hemoglobin Humans Inflammation Inflammation - blood Insulin Insulin Resistance Interleukin-1beta - blood Male Physical activity Plasma levels Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1 - blood Plasminogen activator inhibitors Postprandial Period - physiology sedentariness Sedentary Behavior thrombosis Tumor necrosis factor Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha - blood Tumor necrosis factor-TNF type 1 diabetes Walking - physiology Young Adult |
| title | Short, frequent, light‐intensity walking activity improves postprandial vascular‐inflammatory biomarkers in people with type 1 diabetes: The SIT‐LESS randomized controlled trial |
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