Enhancing inferences and conclusions in body image focused non-experimental research via a causal modelling approach: A tutorial

• Published in: Body image 2024-06, Vol.49, p.101704, Article 101704
• Main Authors: Aarsman, Stephanie R., Greenwood, Christopher J., Linardon, Jake, Rodgers, Rachel F., Messer, Mariel, Jarman, Hannah K., Fuller-Tyszkiewicz, Matthew
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Body Image - psychology; Causal diagram; Causal inference; Causality; Humans; Non-experimental data; Research Design; Target trial
• ISSN: 1740-1445; 1873-6807; 1873-6807
• DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2024.101704

Causal inference is often the goal of psychological research. However, most researchers refrain from drawing causal conclusions based on non-experimental evidence. Despite the challenges associated with producing causal evidence from non-experimental data, it is crucial to address causal questions directly rather than avoiding them. Here we provide a clear, non-technical overview of the fundamental concepts (including the counterfactual framework and related assumptions) and tools that permit causal inference in non-experimental data, intended as a starting point for readers unfamiliar with the literature. Certain tools, such as the target trial framework and causal diagrams, have been developed to assist with the identification and reduction of potential biases in study design and analysis and the interpretation of findings. We apply these concepts and tools to a motivating example from the body image field. We assert that more precise and detailed elucidation of the barriers to causal inference within one’s study is arguably a key first step in the enhancement of non-experimental research and future intervention development and evaluation. •Causal inference from non-experimental data relies on assumptions.•Target trial emulation and causal diagrams guide analysis planning and interpretation.•Pursuing answers to causal questions remains valuable even in the presence of barriers.•Our tutorial provides a clear overview of and concretise concepts with a worked example.