Alkaline Activation of Binders: A Comparative Study

• Published in: Materials 2024-01, Vol.17 (3), p.667
• Main Authors: Alves, Bianca Ignacio Almeida, Marvila, Markssuel Teixeira, Linhares Júnior, José Alexandre Tostes, Vieira, Carlos Maurício Fontes, Alexandre, Jonas, de Azevedo, Afonso Rangel Garcez
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Aluminum compounds; Analysis; Blast furnace slags; Calorimetry; Caustic soda; Cement; Chemical reaction, Rate of; Comparative studies; Compressive strength; Curing; Diffraction; Fly ash; Hydroxides; Metakaolin; Portland cements; Potassium; Raw materials; Reaction kinetics; Silicates; Slag; Sodalite; Sodium; Sodium hydroxide; Temperature effects; Water absorption; Workability; X-rays
• ISSN: 1996-1944; 1996-1944
• DOI: 10.3390/ma17030667

Binders formulated with activated alkali materials to replace Portland cement, which has high polluting potential due to CO emissions in its manufacture, have increasingly been developed. The objective of this study is to evaluate the main properties of activated alkali materials (AAM) produced by blast furnace slag, fly ash, and metakaolin. Initially, binders were characterized by their chemical, mineralogical and granulometric composition. Later, specimens were produced, with molarity variation between 4.00 and 5.50, using the binders involved in the research. In preparing the activating solution, sodium hydroxide and silicate were used. The evaluated properties of AAM were consistency, viscosity, water absorption, density, compressive strength (7 days of cure), calorimetry, mineralogical analysis by X-ray diffraction, and morphological analysis by scanning electron microscopy. The results of evaluation in the fresh state demonstrate that metakaolin has the lowest workability indices of the studied AAM. The results observed in the hardened state indicate that the metakaolin activation process is optimized with normal cure and molarity of 4.0 and 4.5 mol/L, obtaining compressive strength results after 7 days of curing of approximately 30 MPa. The fly ash activation process is the least intense among the evaluated binders. This can be seen from the absence of phases formed in the XRD in the compositions containing fly ash as binder. Unlike blast furnace slag and metakaolin, the formation of sodalite, faujasite or tobermorite is not observed. Finally, the blast furnace slag displays more intense reactivity during thermal curing, obtaining compressive strength results after 7 days of curing of around 25 MPa. This is because the material's reaction kinetics are low but can be increased in an alkaline environment, and by the effect of temperature. From these results, it is concluded that each precursor has its own activation mechanism, observed by the techniques used in this research. From the results obtained in this study, it is expected that the alkaline activation process of the types of binders evaluated herein will become a viable alternative for replacing Portland cement, thus contributing to cement technology and other cementitious materials.