Reproducible generation of human liver organoids (HLOs) on a pillar plate platform via microarray 3D bioprinting

• Published in: Lab on a chip 2024-05, Vol.24 (10), p.2747-2761
• Main Authors: Shrestha, Sunil, Lekkala, Vinod Kumar Reddy, Acharya, Prabha, Kang, Soo-Yeon, Vanga, Manav Goud, Lee, Moo-Yeal
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: 3-D printers; Biocompatibility; Bioprinting - instrumentation; Cell Survival - drug effects; Cells (biology); Coefficient of variation; Domes (structural forms); Humans; Hydrogels - chemistry; In vivo methods and tests; Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells - cytology; Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells - metabolism; Liver; Liver - cytology; Nutrients; Organoids - cytology; Organoids - metabolism; Plates; Printing, Three-Dimensional; Slits; Three dimensional printing; Toxicity testing
• ISSN: 1473-0197; 1473-0189; 1473-0189
• DOI: 10.1039/d4lc00149d

Human liver organoids (HLOs) hold significant potential for recapitulating the architecture and function of liver tissues . However, conventional culture methods of HLOs, forming Matrigel domes in 6-/24-well plates, have technical limitations such as high cost and low throughput in organoid-based assays for predictive assessment of compounds in clinical and pharmacological lab settings. To address these issues, we have developed a unique microarray 3D bioprinting protocol of progenitor cells in biomimetic hydrogels on a pillar plate with sidewalls and slits, coupled with a clear bottom, 384-deep well plate for scale-up production of HLOs. Microarray 3D bioprinting, a droplet-based printing technology, was used to generate a large number of small organoids on the pillar plate for predictive hepatotoxicity assays. Foregut cells, differentiated from human iPSCs, were mixed with Matrigel and then printed on the pillar plate rapidly and uniformly, resulting in coefficient of variation (CV) values in the range of 15-18%, without any detrimental effect on cell viability. Despite utilizing 10-50-fold smaller cell culture volume compared to their counterparts in Matrigel domes in 6-/24-well plates, HLOs differentiated on the pillar plate exhibited similar morphology and superior function, potentially due to rapid diffusion of nutrients and oxygen at the small scale. Day 25 HLOs were robust and functional on the pillar plate in terms of their viability, albumin secretion, CYP3A4 activity, and drug toxicity testing, all with low CV values. From three independent trials of assessment, the IC values calculated for sorafenib and tamoxifen were 6.2 ± 1.6 μM and 25.4 ± 8.3 μM, respectively. Therefore, our unique 3D bioprinting and miniature organoid culture on the pillar plate could be used for scale-up, reproducible generation of HLOs with minimal manual intervention for high-throughput assessment of compound hepatotoxicity.