Sustainable and Environmentally Friendly Microwave Synthesis of Nano-Hydroxyapatite from Decarbonized Eggshells

The sustainable microwave (MW) synthesis of hydroxyapatite (HAp) from decarbonized eggshells was investigated. Decarbonization of eggshells, as a natural source of calcium carbonate (CaCO ), was carried out in the current study at ambient conditions to reduce the footprint of CO emissions on our env...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:Materials 2024-04, Vol.17 (8), p.1832
Main Author: Mahmoud, Morsi M
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Ammonium dihydrogen phosphate
Bioceramics
Calcium carbonate
Carbon dioxide
Chemical reactions
Chemical synthesis
Electron microscopy
Energy consumption
Fourier transforms
Hydroxyapatite
Infrared spectroscopy
Reagents
Refuse and refuse disposal
Slaked lime
Sodium
Sodium carbonate
Sodium hydroxide
Sustainability
Waste materials
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Summary:The sustainable microwave (MW) synthesis of hydroxyapatite (HAp) from decarbonized eggshells was investigated. Decarbonization of eggshells, as a natural source of calcium carbonate (CaCO ), was carried out in the current study at ambient conditions to reduce the footprint of CO emissions on our environment where either calcination or acidic direct treatments of eggshells produce CO emissions, which is a major cause for global warming. Eggshell decarbonization was carried out via the chemical reaction with sodium hydroxide (NaOH) alkaline solution in order to convert eggshell waste into calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH) ) and simultaneously store CO as a sodium carbonate (Na CO ) by-product which is an essential material in many industrial sectors. The produced Ca(OH) was mixed with ammonium dihydrogen phosphate (NH H PO ) reagent at pH~11 before being subjected to MW irradiation at 2.45 GHz frequency for 5 min using 800 Watts to prepare HAp. The prepared Nano-HAp was characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD) where the crystal size was ~28 nm using the Scherrer equation. The elongated rod-like nano-HAp crystals were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) equipped with dispersive energy X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). MW synthesis of decarbonized eggshells is considered as a sustainable and environmentally friendly route to produce promising bioceramics such as nano-HAp. Concurrently, decarbonization of eggshells offers the ability to store CO as a high value-added Na CO material.
ISSN:1996-1944
1996-1944
DOI:10.3390/ma17081832