Siderophores and metallophores: Metal complexation weapons to fight environmental pollution

• Published in: The Science of the total environment 2024-07, Vol.932, p.173044-173044, Article 173044
• Main Authors: Gomes, Ana F.R., Almeida, Mariana C., Sousa, Emília, Resende, Diana I.S.P.
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Biodegradation, Environmental; Bioremediation; Environment; Environmental Pollution; Heavy metals; Metals, Heavy - analysis; Pollution; Siderophores
• ISSN: 0048-9697; 1879-1026
• DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.173044

Siderophores are small molecules of organic nature, released by bacteria to chelate iron from the surrounding environment and subsequently incorporate it into the cytoplasm. In addition to iron, these secondary metabolites can complex with a wide variety of metals, which is why they are commonly studied in the environment. Heavy metals can be very toxic when present in large amounts on the planet, affecting public health and all living organisms. The pollution caused by these toxic metals is increasing, and therefore it is urgent to find practical, sustainable, and economical solutions for remediation. One of the strategies is siderophore-assisted bioremediation, an innovative and advantageous alternative for various environmental applications. This research highlights the various uses of siderophores and metallophores in the environment, underscoring their significance to ecosystems. The study delves into the utilization of siderophores and metallophores in both marine and terrestrial settings (e.g. bioremediation, biocontrol of pathogens, and plant growth promotion), such as bioremediation, biocontrol of pathogens, and plant growth promotion, providing context for the different instances outlined in the existing literature and highlighting their relevance in each field. The study delves into the structures and types of siderophores focusing on their singular characteristics for each application and methodologies used. Focusing on recent developments over the last two decades, the opportunities and challenges associated with siderophores and metallophores applications in the environment were mapped to arm researchers in the fight against environmental pollution. [Display omitted] •Siderophores can chelate with several metals, forming soluble metallophores.•Siderophores reduce pollution caused by heavy metals.•Siderophores can enhance productivity in the aquaculture and agriculture sectors..•Siderophores have the ability to inhibit the iron supply to fish and plant pathogens.•Using siderophores to assist bioremediation is a promising approach to improve environmental health.