Comprehensive overview of analytical and bioanalytical methodologies for the opioid analgesics - Tramadol and combinations

• Published in: Analytical biochemistry 2024-09, Vol.692, p.115579, Article 115579
• Main Authors: Kokilambigai, K.S., Irina, V.M., Sheba Mariam, K.C., Adila, K., Kathirvel, S.
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Analytical methods; Biological fluids; Formulations; Opioid analgesic; Review; Tramadol
• ISSN: 0003-2697; 1096-0309; 1096-0309
• DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2024.115579

Synthetic opioids like Tramadol are used to treat mild to moderate pain. Its ability to relieve pain is about a tenth that of morphine. Furthermore, Tramadol shares similar effects on serotonin and norepinephrine to several antidepressants known as serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs), such as venlafaxine and duloxetine. The present review paper discusses the recent developments in analytical methods for identifying drugs in pharmaceutical preparations and toxicological materials, such as blood, saliva, urine, and hair. In recent years, a wide variety of analytical instruments, including capillary electrophoresis, NMR, UV–visible spectroscopy, HPTLC, HPLC, LC-MS, GC, GC-MS, and electrochemical sensors, have been used for drug identification in pharmaceutical preparations and toxicological samples. The primary quantification techniques currently employed for its quantification in various matrices are highlighted in this research. [Display omitted] •Review on the analytical methods of Tramadol and its combinations from 1985 to 2023.•Chemometrics and greener approaches in the analytical method development are discussed.•Various sample preparation techniques in bio analysis of Tramadol are described.•GC-MS and LC-MS/MS are widely applied for Tramadol analysis in biological matrices.