Navigating the environmental dynamics, toxicity to aquatic organisms and human associated risks of an emerging tire wear contaminant 6PPD-quinone

• Published in: Environmental pollution (1987) 2024-09, Vol.356, p.124313, Article 124313
• Main Authors: Kazmi, Syed Shabi Ul Hassan, Xu, Qiao, Tayyab, Muhammad, Pastorino, Paolo, Barcelò, Damià, Yaseen, Zaher Mundher, Khan, Zulqarnain Haider, Li, Gang
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: antioxidants; Aquatic organism; aquatic organisms; Ecotoxicity; ecotoxicology; Environmental challenge; heat; Human health; humans; molecular biology; mortality; Oncorhynchus kisutch; oxidation; oxidative stress; pollution; Tire wear particles; toxicity; Transport pathways
• ISSN: 0269-7491; 1873-6424; 1873-6424
• DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.124313

N-1,3-Dimethylbutyl-N′-phenyl-p-quinone diamine (6PPDQ) is a derivative of 6PPD, a synthetic antioxidant used in tire manufacturing to control the degradation caused by oxidation and heat aging. Its discovery in 2020 has raised important environmental concern, particularly regarding its association with acute mortality in coho salmon, prompting surge in research on its occurrence, fate, and transport in aquatic ecosystems. Despite this attention, there remain notable gaps in grasping the knowledge, demanding an in depth overview. Thus, this review consolidates recent studies to offer a thorough investigation of 6PPDQ's environmental dynamics, pathways into aquatic ecosystems, toxicity to aquatic organisms, and human health implications. Various aquatic species exhibit differential susceptibility to 6PPDQ toxicity, manifesting in acute mortalities, disruption of metabolic pathways, oxidative stress, behavioral responses, and developmental abnormalities. Whereas, understanding the species-specific responses, molecular mechanisms, and broader ecological implications requires further investigation across disciplines such as ecotoxicology, molecular biology, and environmental chemistry. Integration of findings emphasizes the complexity of 6PPDQ toxicity and its potential risks to human health. However, urgent priorities should be given to the measures like long-term monitoring studies to evaluate the chronic effects on aquatic ecosystems and the establishment of standardized toxicity testing protocols to ensure the result comparability and reproducibility. This review serves as a vital resource for researchers, policymakers, and environmental professionals seeking appraisals into the impacts of 6PPDQ contamination on aquatic ecosystems and human health. [Display omitted] •Prevalence of 6PPDQ is an emerging challenge for environmental health.•6PPDQ toxic effects linked to the organismal tolerances.•Inhalation, ingestion, and dermal contact pose human health hazards.•Interdisciplinary approach is essential for tackling 6PPDQ chemical challenges.•Urgent calls for standardized testing, epidemiological studies, and mitigation strategies required.