Graphitic carbon nitride supported silver nanoparticles (AgNPs/g-CN): synthesis and photocatalytic behavior in the degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid

• Published in: RSC advances 2024-06, Vol.14 (27), p.1914-1928
• Main Authors: Lan, Phung Thi, Hao, Nguyen Hoang, Hieu, Nguyen Trung, Ha, Nguyen Thi Thu, Brown, C. Trevor, Cam, Le Minh
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Adsorption; Carbon; Carbon nitride; Catalytic activity; Chemical reduction; Chemistry; Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid; Diffuse reflectance spectroscopy; Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy; Electron microscopy; Electron paramagnetic resonance; Electrons; Fourier transforms; Free radicals; Infrared spectroscopy; Microscopy; Nanoparticles; Nyquist plots; Optical properties; Photocatalysis; Photoelectric effect; Photoluminescence; Raman spectroscopy; Silver; Sodium citrate; Spectrum analysis; Ultrasonic testing; Ultraviolet radiation
• ISSN: 2046-2069; 2046-2069
• DOI: 10.1039/d4ra02658f

Graphitic carbon nitride supported silver nanoparticles (AgNPs/g-C 3 N 4 ) with 1%, 3%, and 5% AgNPs were successfully synthesized by an " ex situ " method with ultrasound of a mixture of AgNP solution and g-C 3 N 4 . The AgNP solution was prepared by chemical reduction with trisodium citrate, and g-C 3 N 4 was synthesized from the urea precursor. The supported nanoparticles were characterized by X-ray diffraction spectroscopy (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), nitrogen adsorption-desorption (BET), Fourier transformation infrared (FTIR) and Raman spectroscopy, ultraviolet-visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (UV-Vis DRS), photoluminescence spectroscopy (PL), electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) Nyquist plots. The visible light-driven photocurrent measurement was performed by three on-off cycles of intermittent irradiation. The analyses show that AgNPs were evenly dispersed on g-C 3 N 4 , and have sizes ranging from 40 to 50 nm. The optical properties of the AgNPs/g-C 3 N 4 material were significantly enhanced due to the plasmonic effect of AgNPs. The photocatalytic activity of catalysts was evaluated by 2,4-D degradation under visible light irradiation ( λ > 420 nm). In the reaction conditions: pH 2.2; C o (2,4-D) 40 ppm; a m/v ratio of 0.5 g L −1 , AgNPs/g-C 3 N 4 materials exhibit superior photocatalytic activity compared to the pristine g-C 3 N 4 . The studies on the influence of free radicals and photogenerated holes, h + , show that &z.rad;OH, O 2 &z.rad; − , and h + play decisive roles in the photocatalytic activity of AgNPs/g-C 3 N 4 . The TOC result indicates the minimal toxicity of the by-products formed during the 2,4-D degradation. In addition, the AgNPs/g-C 3 N 4 catalytic activity under direct sunlight irradiation was similar to that under artificial UV irradiation. Based on these results, a possible mechanism is proposed to explain the enhanced photocatalytic activity and stability of AgNPs/g-C 3 N 4 . Theoretical calculations on the interaction between 2,4-D and g-C 3 N 4 , Ag/g-C 3 N 4 was also performed. The calculated results show that the adsorption of 2,4-D on Ag-modified g-C 3 N 4 is significantly more effective compared to pristine g-C 3 N 4 . Enhancing g-C 3 N 4 photocatalytic performance for 2,4-D degradation by incorporating Ag nanoparticles, aimed at reducing electron-hole recombination and inducing surface plasmon resonance to bo