The comparison of decay rates of infectious SARS-CoV-2 and viral RNA in environmental waters and wastewater

• Published in: The Science of the total environment 2024-10, Vol.946, p.174379, Article 174379
• Main Authors: Korajkic, Asja, McMinn, Brian R., Pemberton, Adin C., Kelleher, Julie, Ahmed, Warish
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Ambient water; Chlorocebus aethiops; COVID-19 - epidemiology; COVID-19 - transmission; Decay; Environmental Monitoring - methods; Infectious SARS-CoV-2; RNA, Viral; SARS-CoV-2 - genetics; Temperature; Viral RNA; Wastewater; Wastewater - virology; Water Microbiology
• ISSN: 0048-9697; 1879-1026; 1879-1026
• DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.174379

Understanding the decay characteristics of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in wastewater and ambient waters is important for multiple applications including assessment of risk of exposure associated with handling wastewater samples, public health risk associated with recreation in wastewater polluted ambient waters and better understanding and interpretation of wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) results. We evaluated the decay rates of infectious SARS-CoV-2 and viral RNA in wastewater and ambient waters under temperature regimes representative of seasonal fluctuations. Infectious virus was seeded in autoclaved primary wastewater effluent, final dechlorinated wastewater effluent, lake water, and marine water at a final concentration of 6.26 ± 0.07 log10 plaque forming units per milliliter. Each suspension was incubated at either 4°, 25°, and 37 °C. Samples were initially collected on an hourly basis, then approximately every other day for 15 days. All samples were analyzed for infectious virus via a plaque assay using the Vero E6 cell line, and viral gene copy levels were quantified with the US CDC's N1 and N2 reverse transcriptase quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) assays. The infectious virus decayed significantly faster (p ≤ 0.0214) compared to viral RNA, which persisted for the duration of the study irrespective of the incubation conditions. The initial loss (within 15 min of seeding) as well as decay of infectious SARS-CoV-2 was significantly faster (p ≤ 0.0387) in primary treated wastewater compared to other water types, but viral RNA did not degrade appreciably in this matrix until day 15. Overall, temperature was the most important driver of decay, and after 24 h, no infectious SARS-CoV-2 was detected at 37 °C in any water type. Moreover, the CDC N2 gene assay target decayed significantly (p ≤ 0.0174) faster at elevated temperatures compared to CDC N1, which has important implications for RT-qPCR assay selection for WBE approach. [Display omitted] •Infectious SARS-CoV-2 and viral RNA decay in different water types/temperatures.•Infectious SARS-CoV-2 decayed faster than viral RNA in all treatment combinations.•Temperature was important driver of decay for all analytes.•Impact of water type (ambient, wastewater) was not as pronounced as temperature.•N2 gene assay target decayed faster than N1 gene target at higher temperatures