Effects of biochar and magnesium oxide on cadmium immobilized by microbially induced carbonate: Mobilization or immobilization in alkaline agricultural soils?

• Published in: Environmental pollution (1987) 2024-10, Vol.358, p.124537, Article 124537
• Main Authors: Wang, Yufan, Xu, Jun, Dong, Suhang, Li, Longrui, Wang, Shengli
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Agriculture - methods; Cadmium; Cadmium - metabolism; Carbonates - chemistry; Charcoal - chemistry; Environmental Restoration and Remediation - methods; Fraction; Immobilization; Magnesium oxide; Magnesium Oxide - chemistry; MICP; Soil - chemistry; Soil Microbiology; Soil Pollutants - metabolism
• ISSN: 0269-7491; 1873-6424; 1873-6424
• DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.124537

Microbially induced carbonate precipitation (MICP) is a promising technique for remediating heavy metal-contaminated soils. However, the effectiveness of MICP in immobilizing Cd in alkaline calcareous soils, especially when applied in agricultural soils, remains unclear. Biochar and magnesium oxide are two environmentally friendly passivating materials, and there are few reports on the combined application of MICP with passivating materials for remediating heavy metal-contaminated soils. Additionally, the number of treatments with MICP cement and the concentration of calcium chloride during the MICP process can both affect the effectiveness of heavy metal immobilization by MICP. Therefore, we conducted MICP and MICP-biochar-magnesium oxide treatments on agricultural soils collected from Baiyin, Gansu Province (pH = 8.62), and analyzed the effects of the number of treatments with cement and the concentration of calcium chloride on the immobilization of Cd by MICP and combined treatments. The results showed that early-stage MICP could immobilize exchangeable cadmium and increase the residual cadmium content, especially with high-concentration calcium chloride MICP treatment. However, in the later stage, soil nitrification and exchange processes led to the dissolution of carbonate-bound cadmium and cadmium activation. The fixing effect of MICP influence whether the MICP-MgO-biochar is superior to the MgO-biochar. Four treatments with cement were more effective than single treatment in MICP-biochar-magnesium oxide treatment, and the MICP-biochar-magnesium oxide treatment with four treatments was the most effective, with passivation rates of 40.7% and 46.6% for exchangeable cadmium and bioavailable cadmium, respectively. However, attention should be paid to the increase in soil salinity. The main mechanism of MICP-magnesium oxide-biochar treatment in immobilizing cadmium was the formation of Cd(OH)2, followed by the formation of cadmium carbonate. [Display omitted] •Multiple treatments with cementing solution aid in the immobilization of Cd by MICP-MgO-biochar.•MICP initially immobilizes cadmium but later activates it.•MICP and MICP-MgO-biochar mainly form Cd(OH)2 to immobilize Cd.•The fixing effect of MICP influence whether the MICP-MgO-biochar is superior to the MgO-biochar.•The trend of changes in bioavailable Cd is similar to that of exchangeable Cd.