Photo‐Clickable Triazine‐Trione Thermosets as Promising 3D Scaffolds for Tissue Engineering Applications

• Published in: Advanced healthcare materials 2024-10, Vol.13 (27), p.e2401202-n/a
• Main Authors: Johansen, Åshild, Lin, Jinjian, Yamada, Shuntaro, Mohamed‐Ahmed, Samih, Yassin, Mohammed A., Gjerde, Cecilie, Hutchinson, Daniel J., Mustafa, Kamal, Malkoch, Michael
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Adipocytes; Animals; Apoptosis; biocompatibility; Biocompatible Materials - chemistry; Biocompatible Materials - pharmacology; Bone marrow; Cell differentiation; Cell proliferation; Cell Proliferation - drug effects; Click Chemistry - methods; Compression; Glass transition; Mesenchymal stem cells; Mesenchymal Stem Cells - cytology; Necrosis; Neural stem cells; Photochemistry; Printing, Three-Dimensional; regenerative medicine; Room temperature; Scaffolding; Scaffolds; Stem cells; thermoset; thiol‐ene; thiol‐yne; Tissue engineering; Tissue Engineering - methods; Tissue Scaffolds - chemistry; Triazine; Triazines - chemistry; Triazines - pharmacology; triester‐triazine‐trione
• ISSN: 2192-2640; 2192-2659; 2192-2659
• DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202401202

There is an overwhelming demand for new scaffolding materials for tissue engineering (TE) purposes. Polymeric scaffolds have been explored as TE materials; however, their high glass transition state (Tg) limits their applicability. In this study, a novel materials platform for fabricating TE scaffolds is proposed based on solvent‐free two‐component heterocyclic triazine‐trione (TATO) formulations, which cure at room temperature via thiol‐ene/yne photochemistry. Three ester‐containing thermosets, TATO‐1, TATO‐2, and TATO‐3, are used for the fabrication of TE scaffolds including rigid discs, elastic films, microporous sponges, and 3D printed objects. After 14 days’ incubation the materials covered a wide range of properties, from the soft TATO‐2 having a compression modulus of 19.3 MPa and a Tg of 30.4 °C to the hard TATO‐3 having a compression modulus of 411 MPa and a Tg of 62.5 °C. All materials exhibit micro‐ and nano‐surface morphologies suited for bone tissue engineering, and in vitro studies found them all to be cytocompatible, supporting fast cell proliferation while minimizing cell apoptosis and necrosis. Moreover, bone marrow‐derived mesenchymal stem cells on the surface of the materials are successfully differentiated into osteoblasts, adipocytes, and neuronal cells, underlining the broad potential for the biofabrication of TATO materials for TE clinical applications. In this study, researchers propose a solvent‐free approach for the fabrication of novel scaffolding materials using two‐component heterocyclic triazine‐trione formulations, which cure in seconds at room temperature via thiol‐ene/yne photochemistry. The materials are suitable for bone tissue engineering, featuring excellent cytocompatibility, fast cell proliferation, and differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells into osteoblasts, adipocytes, and neuronal cells, while minimizing cell apoptosis and necrosis.