The Role of Single Motherhood in America's High Child Poverty

• Published in: Demography 2024-08, Vol.61 (4), p.1161-1185
• Main Authors: Brady, David, Baker, Regina S., Finnigan, Ryan
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Child; Child poverty; Child, Preschool; Children; Economics; Female; Humans; Mothers; Mothers - statistics & numerical data; Penalties; Population Studies; Poverty; Poverty - statistics & numerical data; Prevalence; Racial inequality; Single mothers; Single Parent - statistics & numerical data; Socioeconomic Factors; Sociology; United States
• ISSN: 0070-3370; 1533-7790; 1533-7790
• DOI: 10.1215/00703370-11466590

Many claim a high prevalence of single motherhood plays a significant role in America's high child poverty. Using the Luxembourg Income Study, we compare the “prevalences and penalties” for child poverty across 30 rich democracies and within the United States over time (1979–2019). Several descriptive patterns contradict the importance of single motherhood. The U.S. prevalence of single motherhood is cross-nationally moderate and typical and is historically stable. Also, child poverty and the prevalence of single motherhood have trended in opposite directions in recent decades in the United States. More important than the prevalence of single motherhood, the United States stands out for having the highest penalty across 30 rich democracies. Counterfactual simulations demonstrate that reducing single motherhood would not substantially reduce child poverty. Even if there was zero single motherhood, (1) the United States would not change from having the fourth-highest child poverty rate, (2) the 41-year trend in child poverty would be very similar, and (3) the extreme racial inequalities in child poverty would not decline. Rather than the prevalence of single motherhood, the high penalty for single motherhood and extremely high Black and Latino child poverty rates, which exist regardless of single motherhood, are far more important to America's high child poverty.