Analysis of human biological samples using porous graphitic carbon columns and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry: a review

Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC–MS) has emerged as a powerful analytical technique for analyzing complex biological samples. Among various chromatographic stationary phases, porous graphitic carbon (PGC) columns have attracted significant attention due to their unique properties—such as...

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Published in:Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry 2024-10, Vol.416 (24), p.5233-5253
Main Authors: Rodrigues, Taís Betoni, Cunha, Ricardo Leal, Barci, Paulo Emílio Pereira, Santos-Neto, Álvaro José, Lanças, Fernando Mauro
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Analytical Chemistry
Biochemistry
Biocompatibility
Biological properties
Biological samples
Biomarkers
Biomarkers - analysis
Carbon
Characterization and Evaluation of Materials
Chemistry
Chemistry and Materials Science
Chromatography
Chromatography, Liquid - methods
Critical Review
Food Science
Graphite - chemistry
High temperature
Humans
Laboratory Medicine
Liquid chromatography
Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry
Mass spectrometry
Mass Spectrometry - methods
Mass spectroscopy
Medical research
Metabolites
Monitoring/Environmental Analysis
Nucleotides
Oligosaccharides
Phosphates
Polysaccharides
Polysaccharides - analysis
Porosity
Proteins - analysis
Reviews
Scientific imaging
Solid Phase Extraction - methods
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Summary:Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC–MS) has emerged as a powerful analytical technique for analyzing complex biological samples. Among various chromatographic stationary phases, porous graphitic carbon (PGC) columns have attracted significant attention due to their unique properties—such as the ability to separate both polar and non-polar compounds and their stability through all pH ranges and to high temperatures—besides the compatibility with LC–MS. This review discusses the applicability of PGC for SPE and separation in LC–MS-based analyses of human biological samples, highlighting the diverse applications of PGC-LC–MS in analyzing endogenous metabolites, pharmaceuticals, and biomarkers, such as glycans, proteins, oligosaccharides, sugar phosphates, and nucleotides. Additionally, the fundamental principles underlying PGC column chemistry and its advantages, challenges, and advances in method development are explored. This comprehensive review aims to provide researchers and practitioners with a valuable resource for understanding the capabilities and limitations of PGC columns in LC–MS-based analysis of human biological samples, thereby facilitating advancements in analytical methodologies and biomedical research.
ISSN:1618-2642
1618-2650
1618-2650
DOI:10.1007/s00216-024-05458-8