All-in-one spot test method for tetracycline using molecularly imprinted polymer-coated paper integrated into a portable 3D printed platform with smartphone-based fluorescent detection

• Published in: Talanta (Oxford) 2025-01, Vol.281, p.126856, Article 126856
• Main Authors: Barzallo, Diego, Palacio, Edwin, Ferrer, Laura, Taboada Sotomayor, Maria del Pilar
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: AGREE; BAGI; GAPI; In situ analysis; Molecularly imprinted polymer; Paper-based spot test; Smartphone-based fluorescent detection
• ISSN: 0039-9140; 1873-3573; 1873-3573
• DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2024.126856

A molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) has been synthetized, characterized, impregnated on paper, and integrated into a 3D printed platform with smartphone-based fluorescent detection for the determination of tetracycline in water samples. The MIP synthesis was performed by precipitation polymerization, which was subsequently deposited onto a glass microfiber paper. The synthesized polymer and the MIP@paper have been characterized by FTIR spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and EDS spectroscopy. Afterward, a 3D printed detection platform that houses monochromatic LED strips as radiation source and a smartphone as detector have been used for determination of tetracycline. Digital image processing was based on the RGB colour model using image J software and the red intensity channel was used as analytical signal due to its higher sensitivity. Several factors that affect the adsorption capacity and fluorescent detection have been optimized. Under optimum conditions, detection limit of 0.04 mg L−1 and good linearity up 5 mg L−1 (r = 0.998), were achieved. The intra- and inter-day precision of 4.9 and 7.2 %, respectively, expressed as relative standard deviation (%RSD) were obtained, showing the good precision of the proposed methodology. Satisfactory recoveries between 87 and 98 % were obtained spiking real water sample matrices at different concentrations (0.1–0.3 mg L−1). The portable 3D platform with smartphone-based fluorescent detection exploiting all-in-one spot test method for tetracycline using MIP@paper was evaluated with AGREE and GAPI metrics, evidencing its environmentally friendly approach. Furthermore, the BAGI tool demonstrated the practicality of the method, in terms of functionality and applicability compared to previous HPLC and spectrofluorometric methods. [Display omitted] •Paper coated with MIP was integrated into a 3D printed platform for in-situ tetracycline detection.•The portable 3D printed fluorimetric system uses smartphone for tetracycline detector by image analysis.•This methodology shows 87–98 % recoveries, and 4.9 % intraday, 7.2.% interday precision.