Income inequality, trust, and depressive symptoms among Chinese adults (CFPS): A causal mediation analysis

• Published in: Journal of affective disorders 2025-01, Vol.369, p.696-705
• Main Authors: Li, Xueru, Ye, Zirong, Lang, Haoxiang, Fang, Ya
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Adult; China - epidemiology; Depression - epidemiology; Depression - psychology; Depressive Disorder - epidemiology; Depressive Disorder - psychology; Depressive symptoms; East Asian People; Female; Humans; Income - statistics & numerical data; Income inequality; Male; Mediation Analysis; Mental health; Middle Aged; Propensity Score; Socioeconomic Factors; Trust
• ISSN: 0165-0327; 1573-2517; 1573-2517
• DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2024.10.003

Income inequality has been linked to depressive disorders, but the pathways behind this impact are insufficiently understood. Hence, we aimed to investigate the impact of income inequality on depressive disorders and evaluate the extent to which this impact is mediated by trust. Two waves (2012 and 2018) of the China Family Panel Studies (CFPS) were included. Depressive symptoms were assessed using the 8-item Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression scale (CESD8) and income inequality was measured using the Gini index calculated with household income. Based on the counterfactual framework, causal mediation analysis was applied with the difference-in-difference (DID) method. The sequential ignorability assumption, an important assumption for mediation analysis, was examined by propensity score matching (PSM) and simulation-based sensitivity analysis. Compared to the control group (Change of Gini index ≤0), CESD8 scores in the treatment group (Change of Gini index >0) increase by 0.233 (95 % CI: 0.039, 0.430), which 10.1 % (95 % CI: 3.1 %, 46.0 %) was mediated by reductions in trusts at the provincial level. At the county level, income inequality influences depressive symptoms through the indirect path (β=0.008, 95%CI: 0.001, 0.020) instead of the direct path (β= − 0.146, 95%CI: −0.287, 0.000). Dividing the trust, the significant indirect effect appeared in the trust in neighbors, foreigners, government, and doctors at the provincial level. This study didn't deal with the impact of post-treatment confounders of the mediator-outcome relationship. Severe income inequality directly and indirectly exacerbated depressive symptoms. Government should carry out the implementation of decreasing income inequality and improving trust. •We performed the study on the provincial and county scales, respectively•We firstly explore the mediating role of different dimensions of trust.•The DID method is adopted to explore potential causal relationships.•We use propensity score matching and simulation-based sensitivity analysis to satisfy the sequential ignorability assumption.•Trust mediates the link between income inequality and depressive symptoms at both provincial and county levels.