Synthesis of a triazine based COF and its application for the establishment of an electrochemical sensor for the simultaneous determination of Cd2+ and Pb2+ in edible specimens using Box-Behnken design

• Published in: Food chemistry 2025-02, Vol.464 (Pt 1), p.141606, Article 141606
• Main Authors: Sarvestani, Mohammad Reza Jalali, Madrakian, Tayyebeh, Tavassoli, Amir Mahdi, Brukhani, Mohammad Mehdi Mohammadi, Afkhami, Abbas, Zolfigol, Mohammad Ali
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Anodic stripping square wave voltammetry; Box-Behnken design; Covalent organic framework (COF); Electrochemical sensor; Food samples; Heavy metals
• ISSN: 0308-8146; 1873-7072; 1873-7072
• DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.141606

The study presented here describes the characterization and synthesis of a triazine-based covalent organic framework using different analytical procedures such as scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, cyclic voltammetry, Brunauer-Emmett-Teller analysis, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The synthesized COF was then utilized as an electrocatalytic modifier for the selective and sensitive determination of Pb2+ and Cd2+ at nanomolar levels via square wave anodic stripping voltammetry. A Plackett-Burman design was employed to screen operational parameters influencing the sensitivity of the electroanalytical method, followed by optimization of the significant variables using Box-Behnken design. A linear response over 1.0–110.0 nmol L−1 and 5.0–300.0 nmol L−1 range for Pb2+ and Cd2+, with detection limits of 1.1 and 1.8 nmol L−1, respectively. Furthermore, the selectivity of the presented electrode over different species was evaluated with no significant interference found. The sensor was applied effectively to determine of Pb2+ and Cd2+ ions in samples. •A triazine-based Covalent organic framework (COF) was synthesized and characterized.•The COF was utilized as an electrocatalytic modifier for detection of Pb2+ and Cd2+.•A Box-Behnken experimental design was used for optimization of effective parameters.