A review of the current status and future prospects of the bone remodeling process: Biological and mathematical perspectives

• Published in: Progress in biophysics and molecular biology 2024-12, Vol.194, p.16-33
• Main Authors: Bahrami, Mehran, Khonakdar, Hanieh, Moghaddam, Armaghan, Mahand, Saba Nemati, Bambizi, Poorya Esmaili, Kruppke, Benjamin, Khonakdar, Hossein Ali
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Animals; Biomechanical Phenomena; Bone and Bones - physiology; Bone remodeling; Bone Remodeling - physiology; Humans; Mathematical models; Models, Biological; Osteoblasts; Osteoclasts; Osteocyte; Tissue engineering
• ISSN: 0079-6107; 1873-1732; 1873-1732
• DOI: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2024.10.001

This review dives into the complex dynamics of bone remodeling, combining biological insights with mathematical perspectives to better understand this fundamental aspect of skeletal health. Bone, being a crucial part of our body, constantly renews itself, and with the growing number of individuals facing bone-related issues, research in this field is vital. In this review, we categorized and classified most common mathematical models used to simulate the mechanical behavior of bone under different loading and health conditions, shedding light on the evolving landscape of bone biology. While current models have effectively captured the essence of healthy bone remodeling, the ever-expanding knowledge in bone biology suggests an update in mathematical methods. Knowing the role of the skeleton in whole-body physiology, and looking at the recent discoveries about activities of bone cells emphasize the urgency of refining our mathematical descriptions of the bone remodeling process. The underexplored impact of bone diseases like osteoporosis, Paget's disease, or breast cancer on bone remodeling also points to the need for intensified research into diverse disease types and their unique effects on bone health. By reviewing a range of bone remodeling models, we show the necessity for tailor-made mathematical models to decipher their roots and enhance patient treatment strategies. Collaboration among scientists from various domains is pivotal to surmount these challenges, ensuring improved accuracy and applicability of mathematical models. Ultimately, this effort aims to deepen our understanding of bone remodeling processes and their broader implications for diverse health conditions. •A summary of mechanical models for describing material properties of bone were introduced.•Mathematical models simulating bone remodeling process were extensively explained.•Theoretical and morphology-elasticity models adopted with diseases were discussed.