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A tiered assessment of human health risks associated with exposure to persistent, mobile and toxic chemicals via drinking water
There is increasing interest in chemicals which are persistent, mobile and toxic (PMT), primarily to protect drinking water. We present a tiered assessment of drinking water exposure and associated human health risks for 22 PMT substances. Worst-case exposure via drinking water is assumed to occur w...
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| Published in: | The Science of the total environment 2025-01, Vol.958, p.177868, Article 177868 |
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| creator | Whelan, M.J. Pemberton, E. Hughes, C.B. Swansborough, C. Goslan, E.H. Gouin, T. Bell, V.A. Bird, E. Bull, S. Segal, L. Cook, S.H. Jephcote, C. Fane, S. |
| description | There is increasing interest in chemicals which are persistent, mobile and toxic (PMT), primarily to protect drinking water. We present a tiered assessment of drinking water exposure and associated human health risks for 22 PMT substances. Worst-case exposure via drinking water is assumed to occur when wastewater is discharged to rivers which are then abstracted for water supply. Screening-level exposures assume daily per capita emissions based on REACH tonnage estimates, with removal in wastewater treatment calculated using SimpleTreat and no riverine dilution. Removal in water treatment was estimated for each substance assuming either conventional or advanced treatment processes. Higher tier spatially-resolved exposures used a gridded routing model which transfers chemical through the landscape based on flow directions derived from a 1 km digital elevation model. Emission was assumed to be proportional to population and no in-stream degradation was assumed. Exposures were calculated for 296 locations containing drinking water treatment works (WTWs) under mean discharge and Q95 (discharge exceeded 95% of the time). At low tiers, risk characterisation ratios (RCRs) were 1 for three substances under conventional treatment but were 1 for tetrachloroethylene (highest RCR) at up to 18 % of WTW locations under Q95 conditions assuming conventional treatment. However, RCRT was |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.177868 |
| format | article |
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•We present a tiered human health drinking water risk assessment for PMT substances•Tolerable risk margins shown for all substances when water treatment is in place•Higher tier spatially-resolved exposures used a 1 km gridded routing model•Highest risk predicted in highly populated areas with low dilution under low flow•Overall, human health risks posed by the 22 PMT substances evaluated are low</description><identifier>ISSN: 0048-9697</identifier><identifier>ISSN: 1879-1026</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1879-1026</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.177868</identifier><identifier>PMID: 39642616</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Netherlands: Elsevier B.V</publisher><subject>digital elevation models ; Drinking water ; Drinking Water - chemistry ; environment ; Environmental Exposure - statistics & numerical data ; Environmental Monitoring ; Human health ; Humans ; landscapes ; Mobile and Toxic ; Organic contaminant ; Persistent ; riparian areas ; risk ; Risk Assessment ; risk characterization ; Spatial exposure modelling ; tetrachloroethylene ; Tiered risk assessment ; toxicity ; wastewater ; Wastewater - chemistry ; wastewater treatment ; Water Pollutants, Chemical - analysis ; Water Purification - methods ; water supply ; Water Supply - statistics & numerical data ; watersheds</subject><ispartof>The Science of the total environment, 2025-01, Vol.958, p.177868, Article 177868</ispartof><rights>2024 The Authors</rights><rights>Copyright © 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c2448-d5804c2e875e923642c9f481207529253b325893e43de8e915c4a126e67a8a43</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><link.rule.ids>314,777,781,27905,27906</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/39642616$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Whelan, M.J.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Pemberton, E.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Hughes, C.B.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Swansborough, C.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Goslan, E.H.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Gouin, T.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Bell, V.A.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Bird, E.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Bull, S.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Segal, L.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Cook, S.H.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Jephcote, C.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Fane, S.</creatorcontrib><title>A tiered assessment of human health risks associated with exposure to persistent, mobile and toxic chemicals via drinking water</title><title>The Science of the total environment</title><addtitle>Sci Total Environ</addtitle><description>There is increasing interest in chemicals which are persistent, mobile and toxic (PMT), primarily to protect drinking water. We present a tiered assessment of drinking water exposure and associated human health risks for 22 PMT substances. Worst-case exposure via drinking water is assumed to occur when wastewater is discharged to rivers which are then abstracted for water supply. Screening-level exposures assume daily per capita emissions based on REACH tonnage estimates, with removal in wastewater treatment calculated using SimpleTreat and no riverine dilution. Removal in water treatment was estimated for each substance assuming either conventional or advanced treatment processes. Higher tier spatially-resolved exposures used a gridded routing model which transfers chemical through the landscape based on flow directions derived from a 1 km digital elevation model. Emission was assumed to be proportional to population and no in-stream degradation was assumed. Exposures were calculated for 296 locations containing drinking water treatment works (WTWs) under mean discharge and Q95 (discharge exceeded 95% of the time). At low tiers, risk characterisation ratios (RCRs) were < 1 for all substances, assuming realistic tonnage and conventional treatment. If drinking water is assumed to represent only 20 % of total chemical intake, total RCRs (RCRT) were > 1 for three substances under conventional treatment but were < 1 for all substances under advanced treatment. Highest exposure and RCRs were predicted in highly populated areas with low dilution. RCRT values were > 1 for tetrachloroethylene (highest RCR) at up to 18 % of WTW locations under Q95 conditions assuming conventional treatment. However, RCRT was <1 for all locations assuming advanced treatment. Actual exposures will depend on catchment characteristics, but the model usefully allows prioritising higher risk chemicals and WTWs. Overall, the substances evaluated are unlikely to currently pose health risks, provided an appropriate level of water treatment is employed.
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•We present a tiered human health drinking water risk assessment for PMT substances•Tolerable risk margins shown for all substances when water treatment is in place•Higher tier spatially-resolved exposures used a 1 km gridded routing model•Highest risk predicted in highly populated areas with low dilution under low flow•Overall, human health risks posed by the 22 PMT substances evaluated are low</description><subject>digital elevation models</subject><subject>Drinking water</subject><subject>Drinking Water - chemistry</subject><subject>environment</subject><subject>Environmental Exposure - statistics & numerical data</subject><subject>Environmental Monitoring</subject><subject>Human health</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>landscapes</subject><subject>Mobile and Toxic</subject><subject>Organic contaminant</subject><subject>Persistent</subject><subject>riparian areas</subject><subject>risk</subject><subject>Risk Assessment</subject><subject>risk characterization</subject><subject>Spatial exposure modelling</subject><subject>tetrachloroethylene</subject><subject>Tiered risk assessment</subject><subject>toxicity</subject><subject>wastewater</subject><subject>Wastewater - chemistry</subject><subject>wastewater treatment</subject><subject>Water Pollutants, Chemical - analysis</subject><subject>Water Purification - methods</subject><subject>water supply</subject><subject>Water Supply - statistics & numerical data</subject><subject>watersheds</subject><issn>0048-9697</issn><issn>1879-1026</issn><issn>1879-1026</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2025</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><recordid>eNqNkctuEzEUQC0EoqHwC-Aliyb4NX4sowoKUiU23VuO54Y4nRkHX09aVvw6jlK6BW8s-Z778iHkA2crzrj-tF9hTDVXmI4rwYRacWOsti_IglvjlpwJ_ZIsGFN26bQzF-QN4p61Yyx_TS6k00porhfk95rWBAV6GhABcYSp0rylu3kME91BGOqOloT3eAJyTKE29iG1V3g8ZJwL0JrpAQombOPUKzrmTRqAhqlvkccUadzBmGIYkB5ToH1J032aftCHVqq8Ja-2LQLvnu5Lcvfl89311-Xt95tv1-vbZRSqLdF3lqkowJoOnJBt-ui2ynLBTCec6ORGis46CUr2YMHxLqrAhQZtgg1KXpKP57KHkn_OgNWPCSMMQ5ggz-gl75SQxrHuP1ClO200Mw01ZzSWjFhg6w8ljaH88pz5kye_98-e_MmTP3tqme-fmsybEfrnvL9iGrA-A9A-5dgMnQrBFKFPBWL1fU7_bPIHctKpLw</recordid><startdate>20250101</startdate><enddate>20250101</enddate><creator>Whelan, M.J.</creator><creator>Pemberton, E.</creator><creator>Hughes, C.B.</creator><creator>Swansborough, C.</creator><creator>Goslan, E.H.</creator><creator>Gouin, T.</creator><creator>Bell, V.A.</creator><creator>Bird, E.</creator><creator>Bull, S.</creator><creator>Segal, L.</creator><creator>Cook, S.H.</creator><creator>Jephcote, C.</creator><creator>Fane, S.</creator><general>Elsevier B.V</general><scope>6I.</scope><scope>AAFTH</scope><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>7X8</scope><scope>7S9</scope><scope>L.6</scope></search><sort><creationdate>20250101</creationdate><title>A tiered assessment of human health risks associated with exposure to persistent, mobile and toxic chemicals via drinking water</title><author>Whelan, M.J. ; Pemberton, E. ; Hughes, C.B. ; Swansborough, C. ; Goslan, E.H. ; Gouin, T. ; Bell, V.A. ; Bird, E. ; Bull, S. ; Segal, L. ; Cook, S.H. ; Jephcote, C. ; Fane, S.</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c2448-d5804c2e875e923642c9f481207529253b325893e43de8e915c4a126e67a8a43</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2025</creationdate><topic>digital elevation models</topic><topic>Drinking water</topic><topic>Drinking Water - chemistry</topic><topic>environment</topic><topic>Environmental Exposure - statistics & numerical data</topic><topic>Environmental Monitoring</topic><topic>Human health</topic><topic>Humans</topic><topic>landscapes</topic><topic>Mobile and Toxic</topic><topic>Organic contaminant</topic><topic>Persistent</topic><topic>riparian areas</topic><topic>risk</topic><topic>Risk Assessment</topic><topic>risk characterization</topic><topic>Spatial exposure modelling</topic><topic>tetrachloroethylene</topic><topic>Tiered risk assessment</topic><topic>toxicity</topic><topic>wastewater</topic><topic>Wastewater - chemistry</topic><topic>wastewater treatment</topic><topic>Water Pollutants, Chemical - analysis</topic><topic>Water Purification - methods</topic><topic>water supply</topic><topic>Water Supply - statistics & numerical data</topic><topic>watersheds</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Whelan, M.J.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Pemberton, E.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Hughes, C.B.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Swansborough, C.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Goslan, E.H.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Gouin, T.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Bell, V.A.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Bird, E.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Bull, S.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Segal, L.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Cook, S.H.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Jephcote, C.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Fane, S.</creatorcontrib><collection>ScienceDirect Open Access Titles</collection><collection>Elsevier:ScienceDirect:Open Access</collection><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><collection>AGRICOLA</collection><collection>AGRICOLA - Academic</collection><jtitle>The Science of the total environment</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Whelan, M.J.</au><au>Pemberton, E.</au><au>Hughes, C.B.</au><au>Swansborough, C.</au><au>Goslan, E.H.</au><au>Gouin, T.</au><au>Bell, V.A.</au><au>Bird, E.</au><au>Bull, S.</au><au>Segal, L.</au><au>Cook, S.H.</au><au>Jephcote, C.</au><au>Fane, S.</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>A tiered assessment of human health risks associated with exposure to persistent, mobile and toxic chemicals via drinking water</atitle><jtitle>The Science of the total environment</jtitle><addtitle>Sci Total Environ</addtitle><date>2025-01-01</date><risdate>2025</risdate><volume>958</volume><spage>177868</spage><pages>177868-</pages><artnum>177868</artnum><issn>0048-9697</issn><issn>1879-1026</issn><eissn>1879-1026</eissn><abstract>There is increasing interest in chemicals which are persistent, mobile and toxic (PMT), primarily to protect drinking water. We present a tiered assessment of drinking water exposure and associated human health risks for 22 PMT substances. Worst-case exposure via drinking water is assumed to occur when wastewater is discharged to rivers which are then abstracted for water supply. Screening-level exposures assume daily per capita emissions based on REACH tonnage estimates, with removal in wastewater treatment calculated using SimpleTreat and no riverine dilution. Removal in water treatment was estimated for each substance assuming either conventional or advanced treatment processes. Higher tier spatially-resolved exposures used a gridded routing model which transfers chemical through the landscape based on flow directions derived from a 1 km digital elevation model. Emission was assumed to be proportional to population and no in-stream degradation was assumed. Exposures were calculated for 296 locations containing drinking water treatment works (WTWs) under mean discharge and Q95 (discharge exceeded 95% of the time). At low tiers, risk characterisation ratios (RCRs) were < 1 for all substances, assuming realistic tonnage and conventional treatment. If drinking water is assumed to represent only 20 % of total chemical intake, total RCRs (RCRT) were > 1 for three substances under conventional treatment but were < 1 for all substances under advanced treatment. Highest exposure and RCRs were predicted in highly populated areas with low dilution. RCRT values were > 1 for tetrachloroethylene (highest RCR) at up to 18 % of WTW locations under Q95 conditions assuming conventional treatment. However, RCRT was <1 for all locations assuming advanced treatment. Actual exposures will depend on catchment characteristics, but the model usefully allows prioritising higher risk chemicals and WTWs. Overall, the substances evaluated are unlikely to currently pose health risks, provided an appropriate level of water treatment is employed.
[Display omitted]
•We present a tiered human health drinking water risk assessment for PMT substances•Tolerable risk margins shown for all substances when water treatment is in place•Higher tier spatially-resolved exposures used a 1 km gridded routing model•Highest risk predicted in highly populated areas with low dilution under low flow•Overall, human health risks posed by the 22 PMT substances evaluated are low</abstract><cop>Netherlands</cop><pub>Elsevier B.V</pub><pmid>39642616</pmid><doi>10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.177868</doi><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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| subjects | digital elevation models Drinking water Drinking Water - chemistry environment Environmental Exposure - statistics & numerical data Environmental Monitoring Human health Humans landscapes Mobile and Toxic Organic contaminant Persistent riparian areas risk Risk Assessment risk characterization Spatial exposure modelling tetrachloroethylene Tiered risk assessment toxicity wastewater Wastewater - chemistry wastewater treatment Water Pollutants, Chemical - analysis Water Purification - methods water supply Water Supply - statistics & numerical data watersheds |
| title | A tiered assessment of human health risks associated with exposure to persistent, mobile and toxic chemicals via drinking water |
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