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Characterizing the SARS-CoV-2 antibody response and associations with patient factors: Serological profiling of participants enrolled in the GENCOV study

•This manuscript analyzes the SARS-CoV-2 antibody response among COVID-19 patients.•Vaccinees had elevated anti-spike antibodies compared to unvaccinated patients.•Unvaccinated patient age and hospitalization were linked to higher antibody levels.•Vaccination after SARS-CoV-2 infection led to consis...

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Published in:Clinical biochemistry 2025-01, Vol.135, p.110859, Article 110859
Main Authors: Morgan, Gregory, Fung, Chun Yiu Jordan, Gingras, Anne-Claude, Colwill, Karen, Briollais, Laurent, Frangione, Erika, Wolday, Dawit, Qi, Freda, Pasculescu, Adrian, Delgado-Brand, Melanie, Mailhot, Genevieve, Tursun, Tulunay, Arnoldo, Saranya, Bearss, Erin, Binnie, Alexandra, Borgundvaag, Bjug, Casalino, Selina, Chowdhary, Sunakshi, Dagher, Marc, Devine, Luke, Elliott, Lloyd T., Friedman, Steven M., Khan, Zeeshan, Lapadula, Elisa, MacDonald, Georgia, Mazzulli, Tony, McLeod, Shelley L, Mighton, Chloe, Nirmalanathan, Konika, Richardson, David, Stern, Seth, Taher, Ahmed, Young, Juliet, Lerner-Ellis, Jordan, Taher, Jennifer
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container_end_page
container_issue
container_start_page 110859
container_title Clinical biochemistry
container_volume 135
creator Morgan, Gregory
Fung, Chun Yiu Jordan
Gingras, Anne-Claude
Colwill, Karen
Briollais, Laurent
Frangione, Erika
Wolday, Dawit
Qi, Freda
Pasculescu, Adrian
Delgado-Brand, Melanie
Mailhot, Genevieve
Tursun, Tulunay
Arnoldo, Saranya
Bearss, Erin
Binnie, Alexandra
Borgundvaag, Bjug
Casalino, Selina
Chowdhary, Sunakshi
Dagher, Marc
Devine, Luke
Elliott, Lloyd T.
Friedman, Steven M.
Khan, Zeeshan
Lapadula, Elisa
MacDonald, Georgia
Mazzulli, Tony
McLeod, Shelley L
Mighton, Chloe
Nirmalanathan, Konika
Richardson, David
Stern, Seth
Taher, Ahmed
Young, Juliet
Lerner-Ellis, Jordan
Taher, Jennifer
description •This manuscript analyzes the SARS-CoV-2 antibody response among COVID-19 patients.•Vaccinees had elevated anti-spike antibodies compared to unvaccinated patients.•Unvaccinated patient age and hospitalization were linked to higher antibody levels.•Vaccination after SARS-CoV-2 infection led to consistently higher antibody levels. The GENCOV study sought to evaluate serological differences between individuals with differing COVID-19 severity and outcomes. We assessed the SARS-CoV-2 antibody response of GENCOV participants cross-sectionally 1-, 6-, and 12-months following COVID-19 diagnosis to identify patient factors associated with more robust and durable humoral immune responses. COVID-19 patients and a control cohort of vaccinated infection-naïve participants were recruited at hospital sites across the Greater Toronto Area in Ontario, Canada. Commercially available and laboratory-developed serological assays were used to characterize features of participants’ antibody responses, including both binding and neutralizing antibodies. Regression analyses were performed to identify associations between participant characteristics and features of the SARS-CoV-2 antibody response. Samples were obtained from participants 1- (n = 938), 6- (n = 842), and 12-months (n = 662) post-infection or vaccination. At all time points, vaccinees, and to a greater extent those who were both infected and vaccinated, had significantly elevated anti-spike antibody levels compared to unvaccinated participants. Increasing age and/or illness severity were associated with significantly higher antibody levels among unvaccinated participants. Among vaccines, those who were vaccinated after infection (i.e., hybrid immunity) had consistently higher antibody levels compared to participants who were infection-naïve or vaccinated before their infection (i.e., breakthrough infections). Additionally, receiving more vaccine doses and having a more recent vaccination were strongly associated with higher antibody levels across all time points. Our findings highlight various patient factors, including vaccination, which contribute to robust, durable SARS-CoV-2 antibody responses. Overall, the findings presented here may inform future vaccine development and rollout plans.
doi_str_mv 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2024.110859
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The GENCOV study sought to evaluate serological differences between individuals with differing COVID-19 severity and outcomes. We assessed the SARS-CoV-2 antibody response of GENCOV participants cross-sectionally 1-, 6-, and 12-months following COVID-19 diagnosis to identify patient factors associated with more robust and durable humoral immune responses. COVID-19 patients and a control cohort of vaccinated infection-naïve participants were recruited at hospital sites across the Greater Toronto Area in Ontario, Canada. Commercially available and laboratory-developed serological assays were used to characterize features of participants’ antibody responses, including both binding and neutralizing antibodies. Regression analyses were performed to identify associations between participant characteristics and features of the SARS-CoV-2 antibody response. Samples were obtained from participants 1- (n = 938), 6- (n = 842), and 12-months (n = 662) post-infection or vaccination. 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identifier ISSN: 0009-9120
ispartof Clinical biochemistry, 2025-01, Vol.135, p.110859, Article 110859
issn 0009-9120
1873-2933
1873-2933
language eng
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source ScienceDirect Journals
subjects Adult
Aged
Antibodies, Neutralizing - blood
Antibodies, Neutralizing - immunology
Antibodies, Viral - blood
Antibody Formation - immunology
Antibody response
Breakthrough infection
COVID-19
COVID-19 - blood
COVID-19 - immunology
COVID-19 - prevention & control
COVID-19 Vaccines - immunology
Cross-Sectional Studies
Female
Humans
Hybrid immunity
Male
Middle Aged
Ontario - epidemiology
SARS-CoV-2
SARS-CoV-2 - immunology
Serology
title Characterizing the SARS-CoV-2 antibody response and associations with patient factors: Serological profiling of participants enrolled in the GENCOV study
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