Shifts in the ecological drivers influence the response of tree and soil carbon dynamics in central Himalayan forests

• Published in: Journal of environmental management 2025-01, Vol.373, p.123755, Article 123755
• Main Authors: Shankar, Anand, Chandra Garkoti, Satish
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Biomass; Carbon - metabolism; Carbon storage; Ecosystem; Forests; Mountain ecosystems; Niche complementarity effect; Nitrogen - analysis; Nitrogen - metabolism; Soil - chemistry; Soil physicochemical properties; Trees; Vegetation attributes; Vegetation-soil interactions
• ISSN: 0301-4797; 1095-8630; 1095-8630
• DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.123755

Understanding and regulating global carbon relies crucially on comprehending the components and services of forest ecosystems. In particular, interactions that govern carbon storage in trees, soil, and microbes, driven by factors like vegetation structure, function, and soil characteristics, remain poorly understood, especially in the central Himalayas. To address this gap, we investigated carbon storage in tree aboveground biomass, root biomass, and soil across different vegetation types. We also examined how vegetation parameters {vegetation diversity (H′), diameter at breast height (DBH), basal area (BA), and biomass}, and soil characteristics {bulk density (BD), moisture (Mo), pH, and total nitrogen (N)} might influence forest carbon storage. Our study, based on 14 plots (0.1 ha each) spanning four distinct vegetation types {Sal forest (SF, 3), Chir-pine forest (PF, 4), Nepalese-alder forest (AF, 3), and Banj-oak forest (OF, 4)} in the central Himalaya, revealed several key insights. Tree carbon storage ranged from ∼79 to 261 Mg C ha−1, accounting for 41–65% of forest carbon storage, while soil carbon storage ranged from ∼28 to 69 Mg C ha−1, contributing 35–58%. These values varied with vegetation types and were influenced by the vegetation and soil characteristics associated with each forest type. Important contributors to tree and soil carbon storage included soil Mo, N, and vegetation structural diversity (H′, BA), explaining 8–64 % of the variation. Path analysis indicated that increased vegetation diversity, soil properties, and conservative traits (fine roots and leaves) strongly influence tree and soil carbon storage. The study highlights the potential complex system to optimizing carbon storage in natural forest ecosystems, offering valuable insight for managing carbon sinks. Further research is needed to fully understand ecosystem responses to carbon storage across different forest habitats and different spatial-temporal scales. [Display omitted] •The effects of various forest ecosystems on tree and soil carbon storage has been assessed in the central Himalaya.•Alder and sal forests showed a significant improvement in carbon storage and soil health compared to oak and pine forests.•Variation in tree and soil carbon storage were strongly influenced by soil N, Mo, and vegetation diversity.•Structural equation modeling effectively captures the complex relationships of tree and soil carbon storage with vegetation diversity, structural attributes,