Ultrastructural imaging biomarkers in diabetic macular edema: A major review

Diabetic macular edema (DME) is a vision-threatening complication of diabetic retinopathy and causes significant morbidity in patients. Anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) agents are the mainstay of treatment for DME, with steroid implants being used for the treatment of anti-VEGF resista...

Full description

Saved in:
Bibliographic Details
Published in:Indian journal of ophthalmology 2025-01, Vol.73 (Suppl 1), p.S7-S23
Main Authors: Sen, Sagnik, Khalid, Hagar, Udaya, Prithviraj, Raman, Rajiv, Rajendram, Ranjan, ElHousseini, Zein, Nicholson, Luke, Kannan, Naresh Babu, Ramasamy, Kim, Kumaragurupari, Thandavarayan
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Angiography
Biological markers
Biomarkers
Care and treatment
Classification systems
Diabetes
Diabetes mellitus
Diabetic retinopathy
Diabetic Retinopathy - diagnosis
Diabetics
Diagnostic imaging
Dropsy
Edema
Fluorescein Angiography - methods
Fundus Oculi
Humans
Macular Edema - diagnosis
Macular Edema - etiology
Morbidity
Retinopathy
Tomography, Optical Coherence - methods
Vascular endothelial growth factor
Citations: Items that this one cites
Online Access:Get full text
Tags: Add Tag
No Tags, Be the first to tag this record!
Description
Summary:Diabetic macular edema (DME) is a vision-threatening complication of diabetic retinopathy and causes significant morbidity in patients. Anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) agents are the mainstay of treatment for DME, with steroid implants being used for the treatment of anti-VEGF resistant eyes. Over the years, several classification systems have been devised to describe the patterns of DME using optical coherence tomography (OCT). With the advent of effective treatments, it has become imperative that imaging cues are not merely used for classifying the disease but also as biomarkers for prognostication of disease activity and treatment response. In this aspect, newer imaging findings such as hyperreflective dots, photoreceptor integrity, and disorganization of retinal inner layers have been characterized in detail by several authors. Macular perfusion analysis using OCT angiography is the latest in the armamentarium for imaging DME. In this narrative review, we have summarized all relevant literature related to the ultrastructural imaging-based biomarkers of DME and their correlation to treatment.
ISSN:0301-4738
1998-3689
1998-3689
DOI:10.4103/IJO.IJO_878_24