Athlete Selective Androgen Receptor Modulators Abuse: A Systematic Review

• Published in: The American journal of sports medicine 2025-01, p.3635465241252435
• Main Authors: Vasireddi, Nikhil, Hahamyan, Henrik A, Gould, Heath P, Gregory, Andrew J M, Gausden, Elizabeth B, Dodson, Christopher C, Voos, James E, Calcei, Jacob G
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• ISSN: 0363-5465; 1552-3365; 1552-3365
• DOI: 10.1177/03635465241252435

Selective androgen receptor modulators (SARMs) are small-molecule compounds that exert agonist and antagonist effects on androgen receptors in a tissue-specific fashion. Because of their performance-enhancing implications, SARMs are increasingly abused by athletes. To date, SARMs have no Food and Drug Administration approved use, and recent case reports associate the use of SARMs with deleterious effects such as drug-induced liver injury, myocarditis, and tendon rupture. (1) To provide a comprehensive synthesis of the literature pertaining to SARMs from a sports medicine perspective and (2) to provide a better understanding of the clinical effects, treatment protocols, prevalence, and potential contamination associated with athlete-consumed SARMs. Systematic review; Level of evidence, 4. A systematic review of the English-language literature from PubMed, Cochrane, and Embase databases was performed according to the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines. Articles relevant to SARM clinical outcomes, elimination profiles, contamination, safety profiles, prevalence, and doping control were included. A total of 72 articles from 2003 to 2022 were identified for inclusion. The prevalence of SARM use among athletes is estimated to be 1% to 3%. SARM preclinical and clinical studies reported significant increases in lean body mass and side effects-including bone remodeling, testosterone suppression, and kidney, liver, and prostate enlargement. Thirteen case reports described 15 cases of SARM abuse. All described patients were men, with a median age of 32 years (range, 19-52 years), more than half were identified as athletes (8/15), and all ingested SARMs orally for a mean course of 8 weeks. Five patients described in the case reports explicitly denied "illicit drug use," implying patients may believe their use to be legal. Athletes most commonly purchased SARMs online, and most of these compounds have been shown to be contaminated with other substances, contributing to adverse effects. Athletes reported consuming SARMs at much higher doses than clinically studied, which may increase the risk of the reported side effects, such as liver injury, impaired insulin sensitivity, cardiovascular events, and tendon damage. The results of this systematic review serve to educate sports medicine clinicians and researchers on how to better identify, diagnose, and treat athlete SARM abuse. SARM use is associated with increased muscl