Phosphatidic acid: from biophysical properties to diverse functions

Phosphatidic acid (PA), the simplest phospholipid, acts as a key metabolic intermediate and second messenger that impacts diverse cellular and physiological processes across species ranging from microbes to plants and mammals. The cellular levels of PA dynamically change in response to stimuli, and...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:The FEBS journal 2024-05, Vol.291 (9), p.1870-1885
Main Authors: Zhou, Hejiang, Huo, Yanwu, Yang, Na, Wei, Taotao
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Animals
Biosynthesis
Cell Membrane - metabolism
dynamics
Enzymatic activity
enzymatic reactions
enzyme activity
Humans
lipid property
Lipids
mammals
Membrane proteins
Membrane structure
Membrane structures
Membranes
microorganisms
Phosphatidic acid
phosphatidic acids
Phosphatidic Acids - chemistry
Phosphatidic Acids - metabolism
Phospholipids
Physicochemical properties
physiological transport
planting
Protein interaction
Protein structure
Proteins
second messengers
Signal Transduction
Tethering
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Summary:Phosphatidic acid (PA), the simplest phospholipid, acts as a key metabolic intermediate and second messenger that impacts diverse cellular and physiological processes across species ranging from microbes to plants and mammals. The cellular levels of PA dynamically change in response to stimuli, and multiple enzymatic reactions can mediate its production and degradation. PA acts as a signalling molecule and regulates various cellular processes via its effects on membrane tethering, enzymatic activities of target proteins, and vesicular trafficking. Because of its unique physicochemical properties compared to other phospholipids, PA has emerged as a class of new lipid mediators influencing membrane structure, dynamics, and protein interactions. This review summarizes the biosynthesis, dynamics, and cellular functions and properties of PA. Phosphatidic acid (PA) plays an important role in cell fate determination, cytoskeleton remodeling, exocytosis, receptor endocytosis, membrane trafficking, and homeostasis of organelles. The electrostatic attraction is the basis of the interaction of PA and proteins, and the second ionizable proton can further enhance their interaction. The cone shape of PA results in a loosened structure around PA and exposure of the hydrophobic zone to the effector proteins.
ISSN:1742-464X
1742-4658
DOI:10.1111/febs.16809