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Characterization of antibiofilm compound from marine sponge Stylissa carteri
The fouling phenomenon grabbed global attention and caused huge economic losses specifically in marine-related industries. Sessile behavior exposed the sponge to the risk of fouling. However, their bodies remained free from foulers, which were attributed to the chemical defense system. The objective...
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| Published in: | Environmental science and pollution research international 2024-05, Vol.31 (25), p.37552-37563 |
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| creator | Rahman, Nor Izzati Abd Ramzi, Mujahidah Mohd Rawi, Nurul Najihah Siong, Julius Yong Fu Bakar, Kamariah Bhubalan, Kesaven Ariffin, Fazilah Saidin, Jasnizat Azemi, Ahmad Khusairi Ismail, Noraznawati |
| description | The fouling phenomenon grabbed global attention and caused huge economic losses specifically in marine-related industries. Sessile behavior exposed the sponge to the risk of fouling. However, their bodies remained free from foulers, which were attributed to the chemical defense system. The objectives of this study were to determine the antibiofilm activity of the marine sponge,
Stylissa carteri
, and to characterize the isolated compound involved. The antibiofilm activity of
S. carteri
methanolic crude extract (MCE) and fractions was tested against biofilm-producing bacteria,
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
, using two different modes of crystal violet biofilm assays: preventive and detachment. Besides that, the disc-diffusion test was conducted to screen the antibacterial activity against
gram
-positive and
gram
-negative bacteria while a cytotoxicity assay was conducted on the HepG2 cell line. Bioassay-guided fractionation was carried out using vacuum liquid chromatography (VLC) and solid phase extraction using a C18 Sep-Pak Cartridge. The crystal compound was isolated and characterized through thin-layer chromatography (TLC), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LCMS), and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. The
S. carteri
MCE showed a promising result with a half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC
50
) of 20.22 μg/mL in the preventive assay, while no IC
50
was determined in the detachment assay since all inhibitions |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1007/s11356-024-33704-0 |
| format | article |
| fullrecord | <record><control><sourceid>proquest_cross</sourceid><recordid>TN_cdi_proquest_miscellaneous_3153654628</recordid><sourceformat>XML</sourceformat><sourcesystem>PC</sourcesystem><sourcerecordid>3068991979</sourcerecordid><originalsourceid>FETCH-LOGICAL-c2740-9939f92440c1054032741f70dce7f31054a13f744d31195bb511cb861dba609b3</originalsourceid><addsrcrecordid>eNqFkctOxSAQhonReH8BF6aJGzfVmUJLWZoTb8lJXKhrQikopi1HaBf69HI83uJCV5Dhm3_CfIQcIJwgAD-NiLSscihYTikHlsMa2cYKWc6ZEOs_7ltkJ8YngAJEwTfJFq15DTWrt8l89qiC0qMJ7lWNzg-Zt5kaRtc4b13XZ9r3Cz8NbWaD77NeBTeYLC788GCy2_GlczGqTKuwTNgjG1Z10ex_nLvk_uL8bnaVz28ur2dn81wXnEEuBBVWFIyBRigZ0FRFy6HVhlu6LCmkljPWUkRRNk2JqJu6wrZRFYiG7pLjVe4i-OfJxFH2LmrTdWowfoqSYkmrklVF_T8KpShKzqslevQLffJTGNJHElXVQqDgIlHFitLBxxiMlYvg0lpeJIJcapErLTJpke9aJKSmw4_oqelN-9Xy6SEBdAXE9JRWG75n_xH7BgWSlfw</addsrcrecordid><sourcetype>Aggregation Database</sourcetype><iscdi>true</iscdi><recordtype>article</recordtype><pqid>3068991979</pqid></control><display><type>article</type><title>Characterization of antibiofilm compound from marine sponge Stylissa carteri</title><source>Springer Link</source><creator>Rahman, Nor Izzati Abd ; Ramzi, Mujahidah Mohd ; Rawi, Nurul Najihah ; Siong, Julius Yong Fu ; Bakar, Kamariah ; Bhubalan, Kesaven ; Ariffin, Fazilah ; Saidin, Jasnizat ; Azemi, Ahmad Khusairi ; Ismail, Noraznawati</creator><creatorcontrib>Rahman, Nor Izzati Abd ; Ramzi, Mujahidah Mohd ; Rawi, Nurul Najihah ; Siong, Julius Yong Fu ; Bakar, Kamariah ; Bhubalan, Kesaven ; Ariffin, Fazilah ; Saidin, Jasnizat ; Azemi, Ahmad Khusairi ; Ismail, Noraznawati</creatorcontrib><description>The fouling phenomenon grabbed global attention and caused huge economic losses specifically in marine-related industries. Sessile behavior exposed the sponge to the risk of fouling. However, their bodies remained free from foulers, which were attributed to the chemical defense system. The objectives of this study were to determine the antibiofilm activity of the marine sponge,
Stylissa carteri
, and to characterize the isolated compound involved. The antibiofilm activity of
S. carteri
methanolic crude extract (MCE) and fractions was tested against biofilm-producing bacteria,
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
, using two different modes of crystal violet biofilm assays: preventive and detachment. Besides that, the disc-diffusion test was conducted to screen the antibacterial activity against
gram
-positive and
gram
-negative bacteria while a cytotoxicity assay was conducted on the HepG2 cell line. Bioassay-guided fractionation was carried out using vacuum liquid chromatography (VLC) and solid phase extraction using a C18 Sep-Pak Cartridge. The crystal compound was isolated and characterized through thin-layer chromatography (TLC), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LCMS), and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. The
S. carteri
MCE showed a promising result with a half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC
50
) of 20.22 μg/mL in the preventive assay, while no IC
50
was determined in the detachment assay since all inhibitions < 50%. The
S. carteri
MCE exhibited broad-spectrum antibacterial activity and displayed a non-cytotoxic effect. Fraction 4 from MCE of
S. carteri
(IC
50
= 2.40 μg/mL) reduced the biofilm in the preventive assay at all concentrations and exhibited no antibacterial activity indicating the independence of antibiofilm from antibacterial properties. Based on the data obtained, an alkaloid named debromohymenialdisine (DBH) was identified from Fraction 4 of
S. carteri
MCE. In conclusion,
S. carteri
was able to reduce the establishment of the biofilm formed by
P. aeruginosa
and could serve as a prominent source of natural antifouling agents.</description><identifier>ISSN: 1614-7499</identifier><identifier>ISSN: 0944-1344</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1614-7499</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-33704-0</identifier><identifier>PMID: 38780848</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Berlin/Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg</publisher><subject>alkaloids ; Animals ; Anti-Bacterial Agents - pharmacology ; Antibacterial activity ; antibacterial properties ; Antifouling substances ; Aquatic Pollution ; Atmospheric Protection/Air Quality Control/Air Pollution ; Bacteria ; Bioassays ; biofilm ; Biofilms ; Biofilms - drug effects ; Chemical defense ; chemical defenses ; Chromatography ; Cytotoxicity ; Disc-diffusion test ; Earth and Environmental Science ; Economic impact ; Ecotoxicology ; Environment ; Environmental Chemistry ; Environmental Health ; Fouling ; Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy ; Fourier transforms ; Fractionation ; Gentian violet ; Gram-negative bacteria ; Gram-positive bacteria ; human cell lines ; Humans ; Infrared spectroscopy ; Liquid chromatography ; Mass spectrometry ; Mass spectroscopy ; NMR ; NMR spectroscopy ; Nuclear magnetic resonance ; nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy ; Porifera ; Porifera - chemistry ; Pseudomonas aeruginosa ; Pseudomonas aeruginosa - drug effects ; Research Article ; risk ; solid phase extraction ; Solid phases ; Spectroscopy ; Stylissa carteri ; Thin layer chromatography ; toxicity testing ; Waste Water Technology ; Water Management ; Water Pollution Control</subject><ispartof>Environmental science and pollution research international, 2024-05, Vol.31 (25), p.37552-37563</ispartof><rights>The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2024. Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.</rights><rights>2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c2740-9939f92440c1054032741f70dce7f31054a13f744d31195bb511cb861dba609b3</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><link.rule.ids>314,776,780,27901,27902</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/38780848$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Rahman, Nor Izzati Abd</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ramzi, Mujahidah Mohd</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Rawi, Nurul Najihah</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Siong, Julius Yong Fu</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Bakar, Kamariah</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Bhubalan, Kesaven</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ariffin, Fazilah</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Saidin, Jasnizat</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Azemi, Ahmad Khusairi</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ismail, Noraznawati</creatorcontrib><title>Characterization of antibiofilm compound from marine sponge Stylissa carteri</title><title>Environmental science and pollution research international</title><addtitle>Environ Sci Pollut Res</addtitle><addtitle>Environ Sci Pollut Res Int</addtitle><description>The fouling phenomenon grabbed global attention and caused huge economic losses specifically in marine-related industries. Sessile behavior exposed the sponge to the risk of fouling. However, their bodies remained free from foulers, which were attributed to the chemical defense system. The objectives of this study were to determine the antibiofilm activity of the marine sponge,
Stylissa carteri
, and to characterize the isolated compound involved. The antibiofilm activity of
S. carteri
methanolic crude extract (MCE) and fractions was tested against biofilm-producing bacteria,
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
, using two different modes of crystal violet biofilm assays: preventive and detachment. Besides that, the disc-diffusion test was conducted to screen the antibacterial activity against
gram
-positive and
gram
-negative bacteria while a cytotoxicity assay was conducted on the HepG2 cell line. Bioassay-guided fractionation was carried out using vacuum liquid chromatography (VLC) and solid phase extraction using a C18 Sep-Pak Cartridge. The crystal compound was isolated and characterized through thin-layer chromatography (TLC), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LCMS), and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. The
S. carteri
MCE showed a promising result with a half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC
50
) of 20.22 μg/mL in the preventive assay, while no IC
50
was determined in the detachment assay since all inhibitions < 50%. The
S. carteri
MCE exhibited broad-spectrum antibacterial activity and displayed a non-cytotoxic effect. Fraction 4 from MCE of
S. carteri
(IC
50
= 2.40 μg/mL) reduced the biofilm in the preventive assay at all concentrations and exhibited no antibacterial activity indicating the independence of antibiofilm from antibacterial properties. Based on the data obtained, an alkaloid named debromohymenialdisine (DBH) was identified from Fraction 4 of
S. carteri
MCE. In conclusion,
S. carteri
was able to reduce the establishment of the biofilm formed by
P. aeruginosa
and could serve as a prominent source of natural antifouling agents.</description><subject>alkaloids</subject><subject>Animals</subject><subject>Anti-Bacterial Agents - pharmacology</subject><subject>Antibacterial activity</subject><subject>antibacterial properties</subject><subject>Antifouling substances</subject><subject>Aquatic Pollution</subject><subject>Atmospheric Protection/Air Quality Control/Air Pollution</subject><subject>Bacteria</subject><subject>Bioassays</subject><subject>biofilm</subject><subject>Biofilms</subject><subject>Biofilms - drug effects</subject><subject>Chemical defense</subject><subject>chemical defenses</subject><subject>Chromatography</subject><subject>Cytotoxicity</subject><subject>Disc-diffusion test</subject><subject>Earth and Environmental Science</subject><subject>Economic impact</subject><subject>Ecotoxicology</subject><subject>Environment</subject><subject>Environmental Chemistry</subject><subject>Environmental Health</subject><subject>Fouling</subject><subject>Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy</subject><subject>Fourier transforms</subject><subject>Fractionation</subject><subject>Gentian violet</subject><subject>Gram-negative bacteria</subject><subject>Gram-positive bacteria</subject><subject>human cell lines</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>Infrared spectroscopy</subject><subject>Liquid chromatography</subject><subject>Mass spectrometry</subject><subject>Mass spectroscopy</subject><subject>NMR</subject><subject>NMR spectroscopy</subject><subject>Nuclear magnetic resonance</subject><subject>nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy</subject><subject>Porifera</subject><subject>Porifera - chemistry</subject><subject>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</subject><subject>Pseudomonas aeruginosa - drug effects</subject><subject>Research Article</subject><subject>risk</subject><subject>solid phase extraction</subject><subject>Solid phases</subject><subject>Spectroscopy</subject><subject>Stylissa carteri</subject><subject>Thin layer chromatography</subject><subject>toxicity testing</subject><subject>Waste Water Technology</subject><subject>Water Management</subject><subject>Water Pollution Control</subject><issn>1614-7499</issn><issn>0944-1344</issn><issn>1614-7499</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2024</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><recordid>eNqFkctOxSAQhonReH8BF6aJGzfVmUJLWZoTb8lJXKhrQikopi1HaBf69HI83uJCV5Dhm3_CfIQcIJwgAD-NiLSscihYTikHlsMa2cYKWc6ZEOs_7ltkJ8YngAJEwTfJFq15DTWrt8l89qiC0qMJ7lWNzg-Zt5kaRtc4b13XZ9r3Cz8NbWaD77NeBTeYLC788GCy2_GlczGqTKuwTNgjG1Z10ex_nLvk_uL8bnaVz28ur2dn81wXnEEuBBVWFIyBRigZ0FRFy6HVhlu6LCmkljPWUkRRNk2JqJu6wrZRFYiG7pLjVe4i-OfJxFH2LmrTdWowfoqSYkmrklVF_T8KpShKzqslevQLffJTGNJHElXVQqDgIlHFitLBxxiMlYvg0lpeJIJcapErLTJpke9aJKSmw4_oqelN-9Xy6SEBdAXE9JRWG75n_xH7BgWSlfw</recordid><startdate>20240501</startdate><enddate>20240501</enddate><creator>Rahman, Nor Izzati Abd</creator><creator>Ramzi, Mujahidah Mohd</creator><creator>Rawi, Nurul Najihah</creator><creator>Siong, Julius Yong Fu</creator><creator>Bakar, Kamariah</creator><creator>Bhubalan, Kesaven</creator><creator>Ariffin, Fazilah</creator><creator>Saidin, Jasnizat</creator><creator>Azemi, Ahmad Khusairi</creator><creator>Ismail, Noraznawati</creator><general>Springer Berlin Heidelberg</general><general>Springer Nature B.V</general><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>7QL</scope><scope>7SN</scope><scope>7T7</scope><scope>7TV</scope><scope>7U7</scope><scope>8FD</scope><scope>C1K</scope><scope>FR3</scope><scope>K9.</scope><scope>M7N</scope><scope>P64</scope><scope>7X8</scope><scope>7S9</scope><scope>L.6</scope></search><sort><creationdate>20240501</creationdate><title>Characterization of antibiofilm compound from marine sponge Stylissa carteri</title><author>Rahman, Nor Izzati Abd ; Ramzi, Mujahidah Mohd ; Rawi, Nurul Najihah ; Siong, Julius Yong Fu ; Bakar, Kamariah ; Bhubalan, Kesaven ; Ariffin, Fazilah ; Saidin, Jasnizat ; Azemi, Ahmad Khusairi ; Ismail, Noraznawati</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c2740-9939f92440c1054032741f70dce7f31054a13f744d31195bb511cb861dba609b3</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2024</creationdate><topic>alkaloids</topic><topic>Animals</topic><topic>Anti-Bacterial Agents - pharmacology</topic><topic>Antibacterial activity</topic><topic>antibacterial properties</topic><topic>Antifouling substances</topic><topic>Aquatic Pollution</topic><topic>Atmospheric Protection/Air Quality Control/Air Pollution</topic><topic>Bacteria</topic><topic>Bioassays</topic><topic>biofilm</topic><topic>Biofilms</topic><topic>Biofilms - drug effects</topic><topic>Chemical defense</topic><topic>chemical defenses</topic><topic>Chromatography</topic><topic>Cytotoxicity</topic><topic>Disc-diffusion test</topic><topic>Earth and Environmental Science</topic><topic>Economic impact</topic><topic>Ecotoxicology</topic><topic>Environment</topic><topic>Environmental Chemistry</topic><topic>Environmental Health</topic><topic>Fouling</topic><topic>Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy</topic><topic>Fourier transforms</topic><topic>Fractionation</topic><topic>Gentian violet</topic><topic>Gram-negative bacteria</topic><topic>Gram-positive bacteria</topic><topic>human cell lines</topic><topic>Humans</topic><topic>Infrared spectroscopy</topic><topic>Liquid chromatography</topic><topic>Mass spectrometry</topic><topic>Mass spectroscopy</topic><topic>NMR</topic><topic>NMR spectroscopy</topic><topic>Nuclear magnetic resonance</topic><topic>nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy</topic><topic>Porifera</topic><topic>Porifera - chemistry</topic><topic>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</topic><topic>Pseudomonas aeruginosa - drug effects</topic><topic>Research Article</topic><topic>risk</topic><topic>solid phase extraction</topic><topic>Solid phases</topic><topic>Spectroscopy</topic><topic>Stylissa carteri</topic><topic>Thin layer chromatography</topic><topic>toxicity testing</topic><topic>Waste Water Technology</topic><topic>Water Management</topic><topic>Water Pollution Control</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Rahman, Nor Izzati Abd</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ramzi, Mujahidah Mohd</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Rawi, Nurul Najihah</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Siong, Julius Yong Fu</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Bakar, Kamariah</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Bhubalan, Kesaven</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ariffin, Fazilah</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Saidin, Jasnizat</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Azemi, Ahmad Khusairi</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ismail, Noraznawati</creatorcontrib><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>Bacteriology Abstracts (Microbiology B)</collection><collection>Ecology Abstracts</collection><collection>Industrial and Applied Microbiology Abstracts (Microbiology A)</collection><collection>Pollution Abstracts</collection><collection>Toxicology Abstracts</collection><collection>Technology Research Database</collection><collection>Environmental Sciences and Pollution Management</collection><collection>Engineering Research Database</collection><collection>ProQuest Health & Medical Complete (Alumni)</collection><collection>Algology Mycology and Protozoology Abstracts (Microbiology C)</collection><collection>Biotechnology and BioEngineering Abstracts</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><collection>AGRICOLA</collection><collection>AGRICOLA - Academic</collection><jtitle>Environmental science and pollution research international</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Rahman, Nor Izzati Abd</au><au>Ramzi, Mujahidah Mohd</au><au>Rawi, Nurul Najihah</au><au>Siong, Julius Yong Fu</au><au>Bakar, Kamariah</au><au>Bhubalan, Kesaven</au><au>Ariffin, Fazilah</au><au>Saidin, Jasnizat</au><au>Azemi, Ahmad Khusairi</au><au>Ismail, Noraznawati</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Characterization of antibiofilm compound from marine sponge Stylissa carteri</atitle><jtitle>Environmental science and pollution research international</jtitle><stitle>Environ Sci Pollut Res</stitle><addtitle>Environ Sci Pollut Res Int</addtitle><date>2024-05-01</date><risdate>2024</risdate><volume>31</volume><issue>25</issue><spage>37552</spage><epage>37563</epage><pages>37552-37563</pages><issn>1614-7499</issn><issn>0944-1344</issn><eissn>1614-7499</eissn><abstract>The fouling phenomenon grabbed global attention and caused huge economic losses specifically in marine-related industries. Sessile behavior exposed the sponge to the risk of fouling. However, their bodies remained free from foulers, which were attributed to the chemical defense system. The objectives of this study were to determine the antibiofilm activity of the marine sponge,
Stylissa carteri
, and to characterize the isolated compound involved. The antibiofilm activity of
S. carteri
methanolic crude extract (MCE) and fractions was tested against biofilm-producing bacteria,
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
, using two different modes of crystal violet biofilm assays: preventive and detachment. Besides that, the disc-diffusion test was conducted to screen the antibacterial activity against
gram
-positive and
gram
-negative bacteria while a cytotoxicity assay was conducted on the HepG2 cell line. Bioassay-guided fractionation was carried out using vacuum liquid chromatography (VLC) and solid phase extraction using a C18 Sep-Pak Cartridge. The crystal compound was isolated and characterized through thin-layer chromatography (TLC), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LCMS), and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. The
S. carteri
MCE showed a promising result with a half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC
50
) of 20.22 μg/mL in the preventive assay, while no IC
50
was determined in the detachment assay since all inhibitions < 50%. The
S. carteri
MCE exhibited broad-spectrum antibacterial activity and displayed a non-cytotoxic effect. Fraction 4 from MCE of
S. carteri
(IC
50
= 2.40 μg/mL) reduced the biofilm in the preventive assay at all concentrations and exhibited no antibacterial activity indicating the independence of antibiofilm from antibacterial properties. Based on the data obtained, an alkaloid named debromohymenialdisine (DBH) was identified from Fraction 4 of
S. carteri
MCE. In conclusion,
S. carteri
was able to reduce the establishment of the biofilm formed by
P. aeruginosa
and could serve as a prominent source of natural antifouling agents.</abstract><cop>Berlin/Heidelberg</cop><pub>Springer Berlin Heidelberg</pub><pmid>38780848</pmid><doi>10.1007/s11356-024-33704-0</doi><tpages>12</tpages></addata></record> |
| fulltext | fulltext |
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| language | eng |
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| source | Springer Link |
| subjects | alkaloids Animals Anti-Bacterial Agents - pharmacology Antibacterial activity antibacterial properties Antifouling substances Aquatic Pollution Atmospheric Protection/Air Quality Control/Air Pollution Bacteria Bioassays biofilm Biofilms Biofilms - drug effects Chemical defense chemical defenses Chromatography Cytotoxicity Disc-diffusion test Earth and Environmental Science Economic impact Ecotoxicology Environment Environmental Chemistry Environmental Health Fouling Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy Fourier transforms Fractionation Gentian violet Gram-negative bacteria Gram-positive bacteria human cell lines Humans Infrared spectroscopy Liquid chromatography Mass spectrometry Mass spectroscopy NMR NMR spectroscopy Nuclear magnetic resonance nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy Porifera Porifera - chemistry Pseudomonas aeruginosa Pseudomonas aeruginosa - drug effects Research Article risk solid phase extraction Solid phases Spectroscopy Stylissa carteri Thin layer chromatography toxicity testing Waste Water Technology Water Management Water Pollution Control |
| title | Characterization of antibiofilm compound from marine sponge Stylissa carteri |
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