Determination of Toxic Elements in Cannabinoid and Opioid Drugs and Their Impact on Addicts’ Health: A Comparative Study

• Published in: Biological trace element research 2024-12, Vol.202 (12), p.5339-5347
• Main Authors: Unar, Ahsanullah, Sahito, Oan Muhammad, Alsawalha, Laila, Afridi, Hassan Imran, Ataya, Farid Shokry, Bashir, Muhammad Sohail, Fouad, Dalia, Talpur, Farah Naz, Ali, Naveed
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Acid digestion; Addicts; Age groups; Arsenic; atomic absorption spectrometry; Atomic absorption spectrophotometry; Biochemistry; Biological properties; Biological samples; Biomedical and Life Sciences; Biotechnology; Blood; blood serum; Cadmium; Cannabinoids; Comparative analysis; Comparative studies; comparative study; Contaminants; Drug abuse; Drug addiction; Drugs; Elements; Hair; hairs; Health risks; Life Sciences; males; Malnutrition; Mental disorders; Mercury; Mercury (metal); microwave treatment; Narcotics; Nickel; Nutrition; Oncology; Opioids; Overdose; Public health; Reference materials; Sample preparation; Serum; Spectral analysis; Spectrophotometry; toxicity; wet digestion method
• ISSN: 0163-4984; 1559-0720; 1559-0720
• DOI: 10.1007/s12011-024-04096-6

Drug addiction is associated with significant health risks, including cardiovascular complications, cancer, and mental disorders. Illicit drugs, such as cannabinoids and opioids, including prescription medications, are widely consumed and have profound health consequences. Understanding the health effects of the toxic elements in these substances is critical for overdose prevention and effective recovery strategies. This study aimed to determine toxic elements, including arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), mercury (Hg), and nickel (Ni), in cannabinoid and opioid drugs and in biological samples (whole blood, scalp hair, and serum) from 311 male drug abuse patients aged 15–60 years with a history of drug abuse. The participants were categorized into three age groups. The comparative analysis involved 113 reference subjects of the same age groups. The sample preparation employed microwave-assisted acid digestion, and the toxic elements were quantified using atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Accuracy was ensured using certified reference materials for hair, whole blood, and serum samples. Drug-addicted subjects had significantly higher concentrations of toxic elements (arsenic, cadmium, mercury, and nickel) in biological samples than referent subjects ( p  > 0.001). Elevated levels of these toxic elements may increase susceptibility to infections, possibly due to malnutrition, drug-related effects, and additional contaminants. These findings necessitate further studies to explore the long-term health outcomes, potential treatment options, and broader socioeconomic impacts of substance abuse. This study serves as a baseline for future research in this critical public health field.