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Superstable lipid vacuoles endow cartilage with its shape and biomechanics
Conventionally, the size, shape, and biomechanics of cartilages are determined by their voluminous extracellular matrix. By contrast, we found that multiple murine cartilages consist of lipid-filled cells called lipochondrocytes. Despite resembling adipocytes, lipochondrocytes were molecularly disti...
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| Published in: | Science (American Association for the Advancement of Science) 2025-01, Vol.387 (6730), p.eads9960 |
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| container_issue | 6730 |
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| container_title | Science (American Association for the Advancement of Science) |
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| creator | Ramos, Raul Pham, Kim T Prince, Richard C Leiser-Miller, Leith B Prasad, Maneeshi S Wang, Xiaojie Nordberg, Rachel C Bielajew, Benjamin J Hu, Jerry C Yamaga, Kosuke Oh, Ji Won Peng, Tao Datta, Rupsa Astrowskaja, Aksana Almet, Axel A Burns, John T Liu, Yuchen Guerrero-Juarez, Christian Fernando Tran, Bryant Q Chu, Yi-Lin Nguyen, Anh M Hsi, Tsai-Ching Lim, Norman T-L Schoeniger, Sandra Liu, Ruiqi Pai, Yun-Ling Vadivel, Chella K Ingleby, Sandy McKechnie, Andrew E van Breukelen, Frank Hoehn, Kyle L Rasweiler, 4th, John J Kohara, Michinori Loughry, William J Weldy, Scott H Cosper, Raymond Yang, Chao-Chun Lin, Sung-Jan Cooper, Kimberly L Santana, Sharlene E Bradley, Jeffrey E Kiebish, Michael A Digman, Michelle James, David E Merrill, Amy E Nie, Qing Schilling, Thomas F Astrowski, Aliaksandr A Potma, Eric O García-Castro, Martín I Athanasiou, Kyriacos A Behringer, Richard R Plikus, Maksim V |
| description | Conventionally, the size, shape, and biomechanics of cartilages are determined by their voluminous extracellular matrix. By contrast, we found that multiple murine cartilages consist of lipid-filled cells called lipochondrocytes. Despite resembling adipocytes, lipochondrocytes were molecularly distinct and produced lipids exclusively through de novo lipogenesis. Consequently, lipochondrocytes grew uniform lipid droplets that resisted systemic lipid surges and did not enlarge upon obesity. Lipochondrocytes also lacked lipid mobilization factors, which enabled exceptional vacuole stability and protected cartilage from shrinking upon starvation. Lipid droplets modulated lipocartilage biomechanics by decreasing the tissue's stiffness, strength, and resilience. Lipochondrocytes were found in multiple mammals, including humans, but not in nonmammalian tetrapods. Thus, analogous to bubble wrap, superstable lipid vacuoles confer skeletal tissue with cartilage-like properties without "packing foam-like" extracellular matrix. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1126/science.ads9960 |
| format | article |
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By contrast, we found that multiple murine cartilages consist of lipid-filled cells called lipochondrocytes. Despite resembling adipocytes, lipochondrocytes were molecularly distinct and produced lipids exclusively through de novo lipogenesis. Consequently, lipochondrocytes grew uniform lipid droplets that resisted systemic lipid surges and did not enlarge upon obesity. Lipochondrocytes also lacked lipid mobilization factors, which enabled exceptional vacuole stability and protected cartilage from shrinking upon starvation. Lipid droplets modulated lipocartilage biomechanics by decreasing the tissue's stiffness, strength, and resilience. Lipochondrocytes were found in multiple mammals, including humans, but not in nonmammalian tetrapods. Thus, analogous to bubble wrap, superstable lipid vacuoles confer skeletal tissue with cartilage-like properties without "packing foam-like" extracellular matrix.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0036-8075</identifier><identifier>ISSN: 1095-9203</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1095-9203</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1126/science.ads9960</identifier><identifier>PMID: 39787221</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>United States: The American Association for the Advancement of Science</publisher><subject>Adipocytes ; Adipocytes - cytology ; Adipocytes - metabolism ; Adipose tissue ; Animals ; Bats ; Biomarkers ; Biomechanical Phenomena ; Biomechanics ; Bones ; Cartilage ; Cartilage - anatomy & histology ; Cartilage - physiology ; Cell differentiation ; Cell size ; Chest ; Dietary restrictions ; Ear ; Echolocation ; Elastic properties ; Embryo cells ; Embryogenesis ; Embryology ; Embryonic growth stage ; Enzymes ; Extracellular matrix ; Extracellular Matrix - metabolism ; Fatty acids ; Gene expression ; Genes ; Genetic markers ; Humans ; Hydrostatics ; Individualized Instruction ; Intervertebral discs ; Larynx ; Lipid Droplets - metabolism ; Lipid Metabolism ; Lipids ; Lipogenesis ; Mammals ; Mechanical properties ; Metabolism ; Mice ; Micropatterning ; Notochord ; Obesity - metabolism ; Phylogeny ; Pluripotency ; Precursors ; Progenitor cells ; Regenerative medicine ; Stem cells ; Tissue engineering ; Transcription factors ; Vacuoles - metabolism ; Vertebrates</subject><ispartof>Science (American Association for the Advancement of Science), 2025-01, Vol.387 (6730), p.eads9960</ispartof><rights>Copyright © 2025 The Authors, some rights reserved; exclusive licensee American Association for the Advancement of Science. No claim to original U.S. Government Works</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c1241-a6a3299f19d7224f98ffd37530f07b4bf6cf87227fdb35ef500f04e1379ffa613</cites><orcidid>0000-0003-3916-6131 ; 0000-0002-3897-6522 ; 0009-0005-5135-3740 ; 0000-0003-0813-4153 ; 0000-0002-6049-2372 ; 0000-0001-6463-3569 ; 0000-0002-6245-6412 ; 0000-0002-6742-011X ; 0000-0001-5946-5257 ; 0000-0003-4611-7100 ; 0009-0007-9445-4642 ; 0009-0009-4670-4920 ; 0000-0002-4628-8535 ; 0000-0001-5892-8838 ; 0000-0002-8804-3368 ; 0000-0001-6047-6009 ; 0000-0001-5387-8405 ; 0000-0002-1524-1021 ; 0009-0003-4628-4192 ; 0000-0002-8845-2559 ; 0000-0003-1199-9465 ; 0000-0003-3513-2014 ; 0000-0001-7390-2978 ; 0000-0001-9173-8278 ; 0009-0003-0909-4453 ; 0000-0003-1798-8695 ; 0000-0001-8214-9893 ; 0000-0002-3660-1575 ; 0000-0002-3710-5143 ; 0000-0003-0651-1461 ; 0000-0003-0853-1028 ; 0000-0001-8647-3922 ; 0000-0002-0214-3238 ; 0009-0000-3823-2016 ; 0000-0002-6432-2389 ; 0000-0003-1325-3464 ; 0000-0003-0580-9864 ; 0000-0001-7282-1543 ; 0009-0000-3598-9144 ; 0000-0001-5742-5120 ; 0000-0001-9653-0273 ; 0000-0001-7350-6975</orcidid></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><link.rule.ids>314,777,781,2872,2873,27906,27907</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/39787221$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Ramos, Raul</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Pham, Kim T</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Prince, Richard C</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Leiser-Miller, Leith B</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Prasad, Maneeshi S</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Wang, Xiaojie</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Nordberg, Rachel C</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Bielajew, Benjamin J</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Hu, Jerry C</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Yamaga, Kosuke</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Oh, Ji Won</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Peng, Tao</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Datta, Rupsa</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Astrowskaja, Aksana</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Almet, Axel A</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Burns, John T</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Liu, Yuchen</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Guerrero-Juarez, Christian Fernando</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Tran, Bryant Q</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Chu, Yi-Lin</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Nguyen, Anh M</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Hsi, Tsai-Ching</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Lim, Norman T-L</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Schoeniger, Sandra</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Liu, Ruiqi</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Pai, Yun-Ling</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Vadivel, Chella K</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ingleby, Sandy</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>McKechnie, Andrew E</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>van Breukelen, Frank</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Hoehn, Kyle L</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Rasweiler, 4th, John J</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Kohara, Michinori</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Loughry, William J</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Weldy, Scott H</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Cosper, Raymond</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Yang, Chao-Chun</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Lin, Sung-Jan</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Cooper, Kimberly L</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Santana, Sharlene E</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Bradley, Jeffrey E</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Kiebish, Michael A</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Digman, Michelle</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>James, David E</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Merrill, Amy E</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Nie, Qing</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Schilling, Thomas F</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Astrowski, Aliaksandr A</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Potma, Eric O</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>García-Castro, Martín I</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Athanasiou, Kyriacos A</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Behringer, Richard R</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Plikus, Maksim V</creatorcontrib><title>Superstable lipid vacuoles endow cartilage with its shape and biomechanics</title><title>Science (American Association for the Advancement of Science)</title><addtitle>Science</addtitle><description>Conventionally, the size, shape, and biomechanics of cartilages are determined by their voluminous extracellular matrix. By contrast, we found that multiple murine cartilages consist of lipid-filled cells called lipochondrocytes. Despite resembling adipocytes, lipochondrocytes were molecularly distinct and produced lipids exclusively through de novo lipogenesis. Consequently, lipochondrocytes grew uniform lipid droplets that resisted systemic lipid surges and did not enlarge upon obesity. Lipochondrocytes also lacked lipid mobilization factors, which enabled exceptional vacuole stability and protected cartilage from shrinking upon starvation. Lipid droplets modulated lipocartilage biomechanics by decreasing the tissue's stiffness, strength, and resilience. Lipochondrocytes were found in multiple mammals, including humans, but not in nonmammalian tetrapods. Thus, analogous to bubble wrap, superstable lipid vacuoles confer skeletal tissue with cartilage-like properties without "packing foam-like" extracellular matrix.</description><subject>Adipocytes</subject><subject>Adipocytes - cytology</subject><subject>Adipocytes - metabolism</subject><subject>Adipose tissue</subject><subject>Animals</subject><subject>Bats</subject><subject>Biomarkers</subject><subject>Biomechanical Phenomena</subject><subject>Biomechanics</subject><subject>Bones</subject><subject>Cartilage</subject><subject>Cartilage - anatomy & histology</subject><subject>Cartilage - physiology</subject><subject>Cell differentiation</subject><subject>Cell size</subject><subject>Chest</subject><subject>Dietary restrictions</subject><subject>Ear</subject><subject>Echolocation</subject><subject>Elastic properties</subject><subject>Embryo cells</subject><subject>Embryogenesis</subject><subject>Embryology</subject><subject>Embryonic growth 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lipid vacuoles endow cartilage with its shape and biomechanics</title><author>Ramos, Raul ; Pham, Kim T ; Prince, Richard C ; Leiser-Miller, Leith B ; Prasad, Maneeshi S ; Wang, Xiaojie ; Nordberg, Rachel C ; Bielajew, Benjamin J ; Hu, Jerry C ; Yamaga, Kosuke ; Oh, Ji Won ; Peng, Tao ; Datta, Rupsa ; Astrowskaja, Aksana ; Almet, Axel A ; Burns, John T ; Liu, Yuchen ; Guerrero-Juarez, Christian Fernando ; Tran, Bryant Q ; Chu, Yi-Lin ; Nguyen, Anh M ; Hsi, Tsai-Ching ; Lim, Norman T-L ; Schoeniger, Sandra ; Liu, Ruiqi ; Pai, Yun-Ling ; Vadivel, Chella K ; Ingleby, Sandy ; McKechnie, Andrew E ; van Breukelen, Frank ; Hoehn, Kyle L ; Rasweiler, 4th, John J ; Kohara, Michinori ; Loughry, William J ; Weldy, Scott H ; Cosper, Raymond ; Yang, Chao-Chun ; Lin, Sung-Jan ; Cooper, Kimberly L ; Santana, Sharlene E ; Bradley, Jeffrey E ; Kiebish, Michael A ; Digman, Michelle ; James, David E ; Merrill, Amy E ; Nie, Qing ; Schilling, Thomas F ; Astrowski, Aliaksandr A ; Potma, Eric O ; García-Castro, Martín I ; Athanasiou, Kyriacos A ; Behringer, Richard R ; Plikus, Maksim V</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c1241-a6a3299f19d7224f98ffd37530f07b4bf6cf87227fdb35ef500f04e1379ffa613</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2025</creationdate><topic>Adipocytes</topic><topic>Adipocytes - cytology</topic><topic>Adipocytes - metabolism</topic><topic>Adipose tissue</topic><topic>Animals</topic><topic>Bats</topic><topic>Biomarkers</topic><topic>Biomechanical Phenomena</topic><topic>Biomechanics</topic><topic>Bones</topic><topic>Cartilage</topic><topic>Cartilage - anatomy & histology</topic><topic>Cartilage - physiology</topic><topic>Cell differentiation</topic><topic>Cell size</topic><topic>Chest</topic><topic>Dietary restrictions</topic><topic>Ear</topic><topic>Echolocation</topic><topic>Elastic properties</topic><topic>Embryo 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factors</topic><topic>Vacuoles - metabolism</topic><topic>Vertebrates</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Ramos, Raul</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Pham, Kim T</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Prince, Richard C</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Leiser-Miller, Leith B</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Prasad, Maneeshi S</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Wang, Xiaojie</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Nordberg, Rachel C</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Bielajew, Benjamin J</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Hu, Jerry C</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Yamaga, Kosuke</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Oh, Ji Won</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Peng, Tao</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Datta, Rupsa</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Astrowskaja, Aksana</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Almet, Axel A</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Burns, John T</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Liu, Yuchen</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Guerrero-Juarez, Christian Fernando</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Tran, Bryant Q</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Chu, Yi-Lin</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Nguyen, Anh M</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Hsi, Tsai-Ching</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Lim, Norman T-L</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Schoeniger, Sandra</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Liu, Ruiqi</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Pai, Yun-Ling</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Vadivel, Chella K</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ingleby, Sandy</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>McKechnie, Andrew E</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>van Breukelen, Frank</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Hoehn, Kyle L</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Rasweiler, 4th, John J</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Kohara, Michinori</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Loughry, William J</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Weldy, Scott H</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Cosper, Raymond</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Yang, Chao-Chun</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Lin, Sung-Jan</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Cooper, Kimberly L</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Santana, Sharlene E</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Bradley, Jeffrey E</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Kiebish, Michael A</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Digman, Michelle</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>James, David E</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Merrill, Amy E</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Nie, Qing</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Schilling, Thomas F</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Astrowski, Aliaksandr A</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Potma, Eric O</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>García-Castro, Martín I</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Athanasiou, Kyriacos A</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Behringer, Richard R</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Plikus, Maksim V</creatorcontrib><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE 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Yuchen</au><au>Guerrero-Juarez, Christian Fernando</au><au>Tran, Bryant Q</au><au>Chu, Yi-Lin</au><au>Nguyen, Anh M</au><au>Hsi, Tsai-Ching</au><au>Lim, Norman T-L</au><au>Schoeniger, Sandra</au><au>Liu, Ruiqi</au><au>Pai, Yun-Ling</au><au>Vadivel, Chella K</au><au>Ingleby, Sandy</au><au>McKechnie, Andrew E</au><au>van Breukelen, Frank</au><au>Hoehn, Kyle L</au><au>Rasweiler, 4th, John J</au><au>Kohara, Michinori</au><au>Loughry, William J</au><au>Weldy, Scott H</au><au>Cosper, Raymond</au><au>Yang, Chao-Chun</au><au>Lin, Sung-Jan</au><au>Cooper, Kimberly L</au><au>Santana, Sharlene E</au><au>Bradley, Jeffrey E</au><au>Kiebish, Michael A</au><au>Digman, Michelle</au><au>James, David E</au><au>Merrill, Amy E</au><au>Nie, Qing</au><au>Schilling, Thomas F</au><au>Astrowski, Aliaksandr A</au><au>Potma, Eric O</au><au>García-Castro, Martín I</au><au>Athanasiou, Kyriacos A</au><au>Behringer, Richard R</au><au>Plikus, Maksim V</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Superstable lipid vacuoles endow cartilage with its shape and biomechanics</atitle><jtitle>Science (American Association for the Advancement of Science)</jtitle><addtitle>Science</addtitle><date>2025-01-10</date><risdate>2025</risdate><volume>387</volume><issue>6730</issue><spage>eads9960</spage><pages>eads9960-</pages><issn>0036-8075</issn><issn>1095-9203</issn><eissn>1095-9203</eissn><abstract>Conventionally, the size, shape, and biomechanics of cartilages are determined by their voluminous extracellular matrix. By contrast, we found that multiple murine cartilages consist of lipid-filled cells called lipochondrocytes. Despite resembling adipocytes, lipochondrocytes were molecularly distinct and produced lipids exclusively through de novo lipogenesis. Consequently, lipochondrocytes grew uniform lipid droplets that resisted systemic lipid surges and did not enlarge upon obesity. Lipochondrocytes also lacked lipid mobilization factors, which enabled exceptional vacuole stability and protected cartilage from shrinking upon starvation. Lipid droplets modulated lipocartilage biomechanics by decreasing the tissue's stiffness, strength, and resilience. Lipochondrocytes were found in multiple mammals, including humans, but not in nonmammalian tetrapods. Thus, analogous to bubble wrap, superstable lipid vacuoles confer skeletal tissue with cartilage-like properties without "packing foam-like" extracellular matrix.</abstract><cop>United States</cop><pub>The American Association for the Advancement of Science</pub><pmid>39787221</pmid><doi>10.1126/science.ads9960</doi><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3916-6131</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3897-6522</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0009-0005-5135-3740</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0813-4153</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6049-2372</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6463-3569</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6245-6412</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6742-011X</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5946-5257</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4611-7100</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0009-0007-9445-4642</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0009-0009-4670-4920</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4628-8535</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5892-8838</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8804-3368</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6047-6009</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5387-8405</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1524-1021</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0009-0003-4628-4192</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8845-2559</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1199-9465</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3513-2014</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7390-2978</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9173-8278</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0009-0003-0909-4453</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1798-8695</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8214-9893</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3660-1575</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3710-5143</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0651-1461</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0853-1028</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8647-3922</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0214-3238</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0009-0000-3823-2016</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6432-2389</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1325-3464</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0580-9864</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7282-1543</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0009-0000-3598-9144</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5742-5120</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9653-0273</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7350-6975</orcidid></addata></record> |
| fulltext | fulltext |
| identifier | ISSN: 0036-8075 |
| ispartof | Science (American Association for the Advancement of Science), 2025-01, Vol.387 (6730), p.eads9960 |
| issn | 0036-8075 1095-9203 1095-9203 |
| language | eng |
| recordid | cdi_proquest_miscellaneous_3153915371 |
| source | Science Online_科学在线; Alma/SFX Local Collection |
| subjects | Adipocytes Adipocytes - cytology Adipocytes - metabolism Adipose tissue Animals Bats Biomarkers Biomechanical Phenomena Biomechanics Bones Cartilage Cartilage - anatomy & histology Cartilage - physiology Cell differentiation Cell size Chest Dietary restrictions Ear Echolocation Elastic properties Embryo cells Embryogenesis Embryology Embryonic growth stage Enzymes Extracellular matrix Extracellular Matrix - metabolism Fatty acids Gene expression Genes Genetic markers Humans Hydrostatics Individualized Instruction Intervertebral discs Larynx Lipid Droplets - metabolism Lipid Metabolism Lipids Lipogenesis Mammals Mechanical properties Metabolism Mice Micropatterning Notochord Obesity - metabolism Phylogeny Pluripotency Precursors Progenitor cells Regenerative medicine Stem cells Tissue engineering Transcription factors Vacuoles - metabolism Vertebrates |
| title | Superstable lipid vacuoles endow cartilage with its shape and biomechanics |
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