Beneficial or harmful: Time-dependent hormesis induced by typical disinfectants and their mixtures with toxicological interaction

• Published in: The Science of the total environment 2023-12, Vol.904, p.167204-167204, Article 167204
• Main Authors: Tao, Meng-Ting, Liu, Shu-Shen, Gu, Zhong-Wei, Ding, Ting-Ting, Huang, Peng
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: 1-propanol; ammonium; ammonium chloride; disinfectants; environment; ethanol; glutaraldehyde; hormesis; hydrogen peroxide; isopropyl alcohol; J-shaped concentration-response curves; luminescence; Mechanism of hormesis; Mixture design; sodium phosphate; synergism; Time-dependent microplate toxicity analysis; Toxicity prediction; toxicology; Vibrio
• ISSN: 0048-9697; 1879-1026
• DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167204

Disinfectants and their mixtures can induce hormesis. However, how the mixture hormesis is related to those of components and the interactions in disinfectant mixtures remain unclear. In this paper, the luminescence inhibition toxicities of chlorinated sodium phosphate (CSP), dodecyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium bromide (DOB), dodecyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride (DOC), ethanol (EtOH), glutaraldehyde (GLA), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), isopropyl alcohol (IPA), n-propanol (NPA), and 20 mixture rays in four mixture systems (EtOH-H2O2, DOB-H2O2, DOC-EtOH, and EtOH-IPA-NPA) containing at least one component showing hormesis to Vibrio qinghaiensis sp.-Q67 (Q67) were determined at 0.25, 3, 6, 9, and 12 h. The synergism-antagonism heatmap based on independent action model (noted as SAHmapIA) was developed to systematically evaluate the interactions in various mixtures. It was shown that five disinfectants (CSP, EtOH, H2O2, NPA, and IPA) and 17 mixture rays exhibited time-dependent hormesis. The hormetic component was responsible for the hormesis of the mixture rays. Most mixture rays showed low- concentration/dose additive action and high-concentration/dose synergism at different time. This study further exemplified the interrelationship between the hormesis in the mixtures and their components and implied the need to pay attention to the time-dependent hormesis and interactions induced by the disinfectants. [Display omitted] •Five disinfectants and 17 disinfectant mixture rays exhibited time-dependent hormesis.•Component showing hormesis was responsible for the hormesis of the mixtures.•The maximum stimulation of the EtOH-IPA-NPA ray was larger than that of its components.•Synergism-antagonism heatmap based on independent action model was developed.•Most of the mixtures rays showed low-dose additive action and high-dose synergism.