CHUP1 restricts chloroplast movement and effector‐triggered immunity in epidermal cells

• Published in: The New phytologist 2024-12, Vol.244 (5), p.1864-1881
• Main Authors: Nedo, Alexander O., Liang, Huining, Sriram, Jaya, Razzak, Md Abdur, Lee, Jung‐Youn, Kambhamettu, Chandra, Dinesh‐Kumar, Savithramma P., Caplan, Jeffrey L.
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Actin; Anchoring; Arabidopsis Proteins - genetics; Arabidopsis Proteins - metabolism; Cell migration; chloroplast movement; Chloroplast Unusual Positioning 1 (CHUP1); Chloroplasts; Chloroplasts - metabolism; Clustering; Effector cells; effector‐triggered immunity (ETI); epidermal chloroplast defense (ECD); epidermal chloroplast response (ECR); Filaments; Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; Gene Silencing; Hydrogen peroxide; Hydrogen Peroxide - metabolism; Immunity; Light; Mesophyll; Movement; Nicotiana - genetics; Nicotiana - immunology; Nicotiana benthamiana; phototropin 2 (phot2); Plant cells; Plant Epidermis - cytology; Plant Immunity; Plant Proteins - genetics; Plant Proteins - metabolism; Reactive oxygen species; Reactive Oxygen Species - metabolism; stromules
• ISSN: 0028-646X; 1469-8137; 1469-8137
• DOI: 10.1111/nph.20147

Summary Chloroplast Unusual Positioning 1 (CHUP1) plays an important role in the chloroplast avoidance and accumulation responses in mesophyll cells. In epidermal cells, prior research showed silencing CHUP1‐induced chloroplast stromules and amplified effector‐triggered immunity (ETI); however, the underlying mechanisms remain largely unknown. CHUP1 has a dual function in anchoring chloroplasts and recruiting chloroplast‐associated actin (cp‐actin) filaments for blue light‐induced movement. To determine which function is critical for ETI, we developed an approach to quantify chloroplast anchoring and movement in epidermal cells. Our data show that silencing NbCHUP1 in Nicotiana benthamiana plants increased epidermal chloroplast de‐anchoring and basal movement but did not fully disrupt blue light‐induced chloroplast movement. Silencing NbCHUP1 auto‐activated epidermal chloroplast defense (ECD) responses including stromule formation, perinuclear chloroplast clustering, the epidermal chloroplast response (ECR), and the chloroplast reactive oxygen species (ROS), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). These findings show chloroplast anchoring restricts a multifaceted ECD response. Our results also show that the accumulated chloroplastic H2O2 in NbCHUP1‐silenced plants was not required for the increased basal epidermal chloroplast movement but was essential for increased stromules and enhanced ETI. This finding indicates that chloroplast de‐anchoring and H2O2 play separate but essential roles during ETI.