Photocatalytic degradation of cetirizine hydrochloride using polypyrrole decorated zinc ferrite nanohybrids under visible light irradiation

• Published in: Environmental science and pollution research international 2024-11, Vol.31 (54), p.63393-63407
• Main Authors: Gaffar, Shayista, Aazam, Elham S., Riaz, Ufana
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Aquatic Pollution; Atmospheric Protection/Air Quality Control/Air Pollution; Catalysis; Cetirizine; Cetirizine - chemistry; Degradation; drugs; Earth and Environmental Science; Ecotoxicology; electron microscopy; Energy gap; Environment; Environmental Chemistry; Environmental Health; Ferric Compounds - chemistry; ferrimagnetic materials; Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy; Fourier transforms; Free radicals; Infrared spectroscopy; Irradiation; Kinetics; Light; Light effects; Light irradiation; nanohybrids; Nanoparticles; Photocatalysis; Photocatalysts; Photodegradation; Photoluminescence; Photons; Polymers - chemistry; Polypyrroles; pyrroles; Pyrroles - chemistry; Radiation dosage; Recyclability; reflectance; Research Article; Scanning electron microscopy; Scavenging; Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared; Spectrum analysis; Ultraviolet radiation; ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy; Waste Water Technology; Water Management; Water Pollution Control; X-Ray Diffraction; zinc; Zinc - chemistry; Zinc ferrites
• ISSN: 1614-7499; 0944-1344; 1614-7499
• DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-35467-0

The present work reports photocatalytic degradation of cetirizine hydrochloride (CTZ-HCl) utilizing polypyrrole (PPy) nanohybrids with ZnFe 2 O 4 (ZnFe) nanoparticles. The synthesized materials were characterized using UV–visible spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy, BET, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) techniques. UV diffuse reflectance studies (UV-DRS) revealed that the band gap was found to decrease with increase in the loading of PPy and Kubelka–Munk plots confirmed the bandgap values to be 2.14 eV for ZnFe, 1.94 eV for 1% PPy/ZnFe, 1.66 eV for 3% PPy/ZnFe, and 1.38 eV for 5% PPy/ZnFe. The photocatalytic performance against CTZ-HCl degradation was performed under visible light irradiation for 60 min. The effect of catalyst dosage and the effect of drug concentration were investigated to confirm degradation behavior of the PPy/ZnFe photocatalysts. The degradation followed the pseudo-first-order kinetics model. Maximum photocatalytic degradation was observed to be 98% within 60 min using 5% PPy/ZnFe as the photocatalyst. The recyclability tests revealed that the 5% PPy/ZnFe photocatalyst was reusable up to 4 cycles. Radical scavenging studies confirmed the generation of ● OH radicals that were responsible for the drug degradation. The degraded fragments were analyzed using LCMS technique and the tentative mechanism of degradation was proposed.