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Photocatalytic degradation of cetirizine hydrochloride using polypyrrole decorated zinc ferrite nanohybrids under visible light irradiation
The present work reports photocatalytic degradation of cetirizine hydrochloride (CTZ-HCl) utilizing polypyrrole (PPy) nanohybrids with ZnFe 2 O 4 (ZnFe) nanoparticles. The synthesized materials were characterized using UV–visible spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spec...
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| Published in: | Environmental science and pollution research international 2024-11, Vol.31 (54), p.63393-63407 |
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| creator | Gaffar, Shayista Aazam, Elham S. Riaz, Ufana |
| description | The present work reports photocatalytic degradation of cetirizine hydrochloride (CTZ-HCl) utilizing polypyrrole (PPy) nanohybrids with ZnFe
2
O
4
(ZnFe) nanoparticles. The synthesized materials were characterized using UV–visible spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy, BET, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) techniques. UV diffuse reflectance studies (UV-DRS) revealed that the band gap was found to decrease with increase in the loading of PPy and Kubelka–Munk plots confirmed the bandgap values to be 2.14 eV for ZnFe, 1.94 eV for 1% PPy/ZnFe, 1.66 eV for 3% PPy/ZnFe, and 1.38 eV for 5% PPy/ZnFe. The photocatalytic performance against CTZ-HCl degradation was performed under visible light irradiation for 60 min. The effect of catalyst dosage and the effect of drug concentration were investigated to confirm degradation behavior of the PPy/ZnFe photocatalysts. The degradation followed the pseudo-first-order kinetics model. Maximum photocatalytic degradation was observed to be 98% within 60 min using 5% PPy/ZnFe as the photocatalyst. The recyclability tests revealed that the 5% PPy/ZnFe photocatalyst was reusable up to 4 cycles. Radical scavenging studies confirmed the generation of
●
OH radicals that were responsible for the drug degradation. The degraded fragments were analyzed using LCMS technique and the tentative mechanism of degradation was proposed. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1007/s11356-024-35467-0 |
| format | article |
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2
O
4
(ZnFe) nanoparticles. The synthesized materials were characterized using UV–visible spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy, BET, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) techniques. UV diffuse reflectance studies (UV-DRS) revealed that the band gap was found to decrease with increase in the loading of PPy and Kubelka–Munk plots confirmed the bandgap values to be 2.14 eV for ZnFe, 1.94 eV for 1% PPy/ZnFe, 1.66 eV for 3% PPy/ZnFe, and 1.38 eV for 5% PPy/ZnFe. The photocatalytic performance against CTZ-HCl degradation was performed under visible light irradiation for 60 min. The effect of catalyst dosage and the effect of drug concentration were investigated to confirm degradation behavior of the PPy/ZnFe photocatalysts. The degradation followed the pseudo-first-order kinetics model. Maximum photocatalytic degradation was observed to be 98% within 60 min using 5% PPy/ZnFe as the photocatalyst. The recyclability tests revealed that the 5% PPy/ZnFe photocatalyst was reusable up to 4 cycles. Radical scavenging studies confirmed the generation of
●
OH radicals that were responsible for the drug degradation. The degraded fragments were analyzed using LCMS technique and the tentative mechanism of degradation was proposed.</description><identifier>ISSN: 1614-7499</identifier><identifier>ISSN: 0944-1344</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1614-7499</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-35467-0</identifier><identifier>PMID: 39485660</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Berlin/Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg</publisher><subject>Aquatic Pollution ; Atmospheric Protection/Air Quality Control/Air Pollution ; Catalysis ; Cetirizine ; Cetirizine - chemistry ; Degradation ; drugs ; Earth and Environmental Science ; Ecotoxicology ; electron microscopy ; Energy gap ; Environment ; Environmental Chemistry ; Environmental Health ; Ferric Compounds - chemistry ; ferrimagnetic materials ; Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy ; Fourier transforms ; Free radicals ; Infrared spectroscopy ; Irradiation ; Kinetics ; Light ; Light effects ; Light irradiation ; nanohybrids ; Nanoparticles ; Photocatalysis ; Photocatalysts ; Photodegradation ; Photoluminescence ; Photons ; Polymers - chemistry ; Polypyrroles ; pyrroles ; Pyrroles - chemistry ; Radiation dosage ; Recyclability ; reflectance ; Research Article ; Scanning electron microscopy ; Scavenging ; Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared ; Spectrum analysis ; Ultraviolet radiation ; ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy ; Waste Water Technology ; Water Management ; Water Pollution Control ; X-Ray Diffraction ; zinc ; Zinc - chemistry ; Zinc ferrites</subject><ispartof>Environmental science and pollution research international, 2024-11, Vol.31 (54), p.63393-63407</ispartof><rights>The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2024. Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.</rights><rights>2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c2040-b3293dac49214ff7f7b59139b21a561e1307facc5352934b8917e350e7d28bfe3</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><link.rule.ids>314,776,780,27901,27902</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/39485660$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Gaffar, Shayista</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Aazam, Elham S.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Riaz, Ufana</creatorcontrib><title>Photocatalytic degradation of cetirizine hydrochloride using polypyrrole decorated zinc ferrite nanohybrids under visible light irradiation</title><title>Environmental science and pollution research international</title><addtitle>Environ Sci Pollut Res</addtitle><addtitle>Environ Sci Pollut Res Int</addtitle><description>The present work reports photocatalytic degradation of cetirizine hydrochloride (CTZ-HCl) utilizing polypyrrole (PPy) nanohybrids with ZnFe
2
O
4
(ZnFe) nanoparticles. The synthesized materials were characterized using UV–visible spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy, BET, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) techniques. UV diffuse reflectance studies (UV-DRS) revealed that the band gap was found to decrease with increase in the loading of PPy and Kubelka–Munk plots confirmed the bandgap values to be 2.14 eV for ZnFe, 1.94 eV for 1% PPy/ZnFe, 1.66 eV for 3% PPy/ZnFe, and 1.38 eV for 5% PPy/ZnFe. The photocatalytic performance against CTZ-HCl degradation was performed under visible light irradiation for 60 min. The effect of catalyst dosage and the effect of drug concentration were investigated to confirm degradation behavior of the PPy/ZnFe photocatalysts. The degradation followed the pseudo-first-order kinetics model. Maximum photocatalytic degradation was observed to be 98% within 60 min using 5% PPy/ZnFe as the photocatalyst. The recyclability tests revealed that the 5% PPy/ZnFe photocatalyst was reusable up to 4 cycles. Radical scavenging studies confirmed the generation of
●
OH radicals that were responsible for the drug degradation. The degraded fragments were analyzed using LCMS technique and the tentative mechanism of degradation was proposed.</description><subject>Aquatic Pollution</subject><subject>Atmospheric Protection/Air Quality Control/Air Pollution</subject><subject>Catalysis</subject><subject>Cetirizine</subject><subject>Cetirizine - chemistry</subject><subject>Degradation</subject><subject>drugs</subject><subject>Earth and Environmental Science</subject><subject>Ecotoxicology</subject><subject>electron microscopy</subject><subject>Energy gap</subject><subject>Environment</subject><subject>Environmental Chemistry</subject><subject>Environmental Health</subject><subject>Ferric Compounds - chemistry</subject><subject>ferrimagnetic materials</subject><subject>Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy</subject><subject>Fourier transforms</subject><subject>Free radicals</subject><subject>Infrared spectroscopy</subject><subject>Irradiation</subject><subject>Kinetics</subject><subject>Light</subject><subject>Light effects</subject><subject>Light irradiation</subject><subject>nanohybrids</subject><subject>Nanoparticles</subject><subject>Photocatalysis</subject><subject>Photocatalysts</subject><subject>Photodegradation</subject><subject>Photoluminescence</subject><subject>Photons</subject><subject>Polymers - chemistry</subject><subject>Polypyrroles</subject><subject>pyrroles</subject><subject>Pyrroles - chemistry</subject><subject>Radiation dosage</subject><subject>Recyclability</subject><subject>reflectance</subject><subject>Research Article</subject><subject>Scanning electron microscopy</subject><subject>Scavenging</subject><subject>Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared</subject><subject>Spectrum analysis</subject><subject>Ultraviolet radiation</subject><subject>ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy</subject><subject>Waste Water Technology</subject><subject>Water Management</subject><subject>Water Pollution Control</subject><subject>X-Ray Diffraction</subject><subject>zinc</subject><subject>Zinc - chemistry</subject><subject>Zinc ferrites</subject><issn>1614-7499</issn><issn>0944-1344</issn><issn>1614-7499</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2024</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><recordid>eNqNkUuLFDEUhYMozjj6B1xIwI2b0jwrnaUMvmBAF7oOqeSmK0N10iYpofwL_mnj9PjAhbi6gfudc8g9CD2m5DklRL2olHI5DoSJgUsxqoHcQed0pGJQQuu7f7zP0INarwlhRDN1H51xLXZyHMk5-vZhzi072-yyteiwh32x3raYE84BO2ixxK8xAZ43X7Kbl1yiB7zWmPb4mJftuJWSF-hKl4tt4HHHHQ5QSmyAk0153qYuqnhNHgr-EmucumCJ-7nhWHpevAl8iO4Fu1R4dDsv0KfXrz5evh2u3r95d_nyanCMCDJMnGnurROaURGCCmqSmnI9MWrlSIFyooJ1TnLZQTHtNFXAJQHl2W4KwC_Qs5PvseTPK9RmDrE6WBabIK_VcCoFE6qf6j9QxvnYUd3Rp3-h13ktqX-kU5wTqfvFO8VOlCu51gLBHEs82LIZSsyPVs2pVdNbNTetGtJFT26t1-kA_pfkZ40d4Ceg9lXaQ_md_Q_b7w_Or9M</recordid><startdate>202411</startdate><enddate>202411</enddate><creator>Gaffar, Shayista</creator><creator>Aazam, Elham S.</creator><creator>Riaz, Ufana</creator><general>Springer Berlin Heidelberg</general><general>Springer Nature B.V</general><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>7QL</scope><scope>7SN</scope><scope>7T7</scope><scope>7TV</scope><scope>7U7</scope><scope>8FD</scope><scope>C1K</scope><scope>FR3</scope><scope>K9.</scope><scope>M7N</scope><scope>P64</scope><scope>7X8</scope><scope>7S9</scope><scope>L.6</scope></search><sort><creationdate>202411</creationdate><title>Photocatalytic degradation of cetirizine hydrochloride using polypyrrole decorated zinc ferrite nanohybrids under visible light irradiation</title><author>Gaffar, Shayista ; Aazam, Elham S. ; Riaz, Ufana</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c2040-b3293dac49214ff7f7b59139b21a561e1307facc5352934b8917e350e7d28bfe3</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2024</creationdate><topic>Aquatic Pollution</topic><topic>Atmospheric Protection/Air Quality Control/Air Pollution</topic><topic>Catalysis</topic><topic>Cetirizine</topic><topic>Cetirizine - chemistry</topic><topic>Degradation</topic><topic>drugs</topic><topic>Earth and Environmental Science</topic><topic>Ecotoxicology</topic><topic>electron microscopy</topic><topic>Energy gap</topic><topic>Environment</topic><topic>Environmental Chemistry</topic><topic>Environmental Health</topic><topic>Ferric Compounds - chemistry</topic><topic>ferrimagnetic materials</topic><topic>Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy</topic><topic>Fourier transforms</topic><topic>Free radicals</topic><topic>Infrared spectroscopy</topic><topic>Irradiation</topic><topic>Kinetics</topic><topic>Light</topic><topic>Light effects</topic><topic>Light irradiation</topic><topic>nanohybrids</topic><topic>Nanoparticles</topic><topic>Photocatalysis</topic><topic>Photocatalysts</topic><topic>Photodegradation</topic><topic>Photoluminescence</topic><topic>Photons</topic><topic>Polymers - chemistry</topic><topic>Polypyrroles</topic><topic>pyrroles</topic><topic>Pyrroles - chemistry</topic><topic>Radiation dosage</topic><topic>Recyclability</topic><topic>reflectance</topic><topic>Research Article</topic><topic>Scanning electron microscopy</topic><topic>Scavenging</topic><topic>Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared</topic><topic>Spectrum analysis</topic><topic>Ultraviolet radiation</topic><topic>ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy</topic><topic>Waste Water Technology</topic><topic>Water Management</topic><topic>Water Pollution Control</topic><topic>X-Ray Diffraction</topic><topic>zinc</topic><topic>Zinc - chemistry</topic><topic>Zinc ferrites</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Gaffar, Shayista</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Aazam, Elham S.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Riaz, Ufana</creatorcontrib><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>Bacteriology Abstracts (Microbiology B)</collection><collection>Ecology Abstracts</collection><collection>Industrial and Applied Microbiology Abstracts (Microbiology A)</collection><collection>Pollution Abstracts</collection><collection>Toxicology Abstracts</collection><collection>Technology Research Database</collection><collection>Environmental Sciences and Pollution Management</collection><collection>Engineering Research Database</collection><collection>ProQuest Health & Medical Complete (Alumni)</collection><collection>Algology Mycology and Protozoology Abstracts (Microbiology C)</collection><collection>Biotechnology and BioEngineering Abstracts</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><collection>AGRICOLA</collection><collection>AGRICOLA - Academic</collection><jtitle>Environmental science and pollution research international</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Gaffar, Shayista</au><au>Aazam, Elham S.</au><au>Riaz, Ufana</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Photocatalytic degradation of cetirizine hydrochloride using polypyrrole decorated zinc ferrite nanohybrids under visible light irradiation</atitle><jtitle>Environmental science and pollution research international</jtitle><stitle>Environ Sci Pollut Res</stitle><addtitle>Environ Sci Pollut Res Int</addtitle><date>2024-11</date><risdate>2024</risdate><volume>31</volume><issue>54</issue><spage>63393</spage><epage>63407</epage><pages>63393-63407</pages><issn>1614-7499</issn><issn>0944-1344</issn><eissn>1614-7499</eissn><abstract>The present work reports photocatalytic degradation of cetirizine hydrochloride (CTZ-HCl) utilizing polypyrrole (PPy) nanohybrids with ZnFe
2
O
4
(ZnFe) nanoparticles. The synthesized materials were characterized using UV–visible spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy, BET, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) techniques. UV diffuse reflectance studies (UV-DRS) revealed that the band gap was found to decrease with increase in the loading of PPy and Kubelka–Munk plots confirmed the bandgap values to be 2.14 eV for ZnFe, 1.94 eV for 1% PPy/ZnFe, 1.66 eV for 3% PPy/ZnFe, and 1.38 eV for 5% PPy/ZnFe. The photocatalytic performance against CTZ-HCl degradation was performed under visible light irradiation for 60 min. The effect of catalyst dosage and the effect of drug concentration were investigated to confirm degradation behavior of the PPy/ZnFe photocatalysts. The degradation followed the pseudo-first-order kinetics model. Maximum photocatalytic degradation was observed to be 98% within 60 min using 5% PPy/ZnFe as the photocatalyst. The recyclability tests revealed that the 5% PPy/ZnFe photocatalyst was reusable up to 4 cycles. Radical scavenging studies confirmed the generation of
●
OH radicals that were responsible for the drug degradation. The degraded fragments were analyzed using LCMS technique and the tentative mechanism of degradation was proposed.</abstract><cop>Berlin/Heidelberg</cop><pub>Springer Berlin Heidelberg</pub><pmid>39485660</pmid><doi>10.1007/s11356-024-35467-0</doi><tpages>15</tpages></addata></record> |
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| subjects | Aquatic Pollution Atmospheric Protection/Air Quality Control/Air Pollution Catalysis Cetirizine Cetirizine - chemistry Degradation drugs Earth and Environmental Science Ecotoxicology electron microscopy Energy gap Environment Environmental Chemistry Environmental Health Ferric Compounds - chemistry ferrimagnetic materials Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy Fourier transforms Free radicals Infrared spectroscopy Irradiation Kinetics Light Light effects Light irradiation nanohybrids Nanoparticles Photocatalysis Photocatalysts Photodegradation Photoluminescence Photons Polymers - chemistry Polypyrroles pyrroles Pyrroles - chemistry Radiation dosage Recyclability reflectance Research Article Scanning electron microscopy Scavenging Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrum analysis Ultraviolet radiation ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy Waste Water Technology Water Management Water Pollution Control X-Ray Diffraction zinc Zinc - chemistry Zinc ferrites |
| title | Photocatalytic degradation of cetirizine hydrochloride using polypyrrole decorated zinc ferrite nanohybrids under visible light irradiation |
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