Starspots

• Published in: The Astronomy and astrophysics review 2009-09, Vol.17 (3), p.251-308
• Main Author: Strassmeier, Klaus G.
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Astronomy; Astrophysics and Astroparticles; Astrophysics and Cosmology; Magnetic fields; Observations and Techniques; Physics; Physics and Astronomy; Planetology; Review Article; Space Exploration and Astronautics; Space Sciences (including Extraterrestrial Physics; Stars; Stars & galaxies; Sunspots; Topology; Tracers
• ISSN: 0935-4956; 1432-0754
• DOI: 10.1007/s00159-009-0020-6

Starspots are created by local magnetic fields on the surfaces of stars, just as sunspots. Their fields are strong enough to suppress the overturning convective motion and thus block or redirect the flow of energy from the stellar interior outwards to the surface and consequently appear as locally cool and therefore dark regions against an otherwise bright photosphere (Biermann in Astronomische Nachrichten 264:361, 1938; Z Astrophysik 25:135, 1948). As such, starspots are observable tracers of the yet unknown internal dynamo activity and allow a glimpse into the complex internal stellar magnetic field structure. Starspots also enable the precise measurement of stellar rotation which is among the key ingredients for the expected internal magnetic topology. But whether starspots are just blown-up sunspot analogs, we do not know yet. This article is an attempt to review our current knowledge of starspots. A comparison of a white-light image of the Sun (G2V, 5 Gyr) with a Doppler image of a young solar-like star (EK Draconis; G1.5V, age 100 Myr, rotation 10 × Ω Sun ) and with a mean-field dynamo simulation suggests that starspots can be of significantly different appearance and cannot be explained with a scaling of the solar model, even for a star of same mass and effective temperature. Starspots, their surface location and migration pattern, and their link with the stellar dynamo and its internal energy transport, may have far reaching impact also for our understanding of low-mass stellar evolution and formation. Emphasis is given in this review to their importance as activity tracers in particular in the light of more and more precise exoplanet detections around solar-like, and therefore likely spotted, host stars.