Catalyst‐Free Efficient Growth, Orientation and Biosensing Properties of Multilayer Graphene Nanoflake Films with Sharp Edge Planes

• Published in: Advanced functional materials 2008-11, Vol.18 (21), p.3506-3514
• Main Authors: Shang, Nai Gui, Papakonstantinou, Pagona, McMullan, Martin, Chu, Ming, Stamboulis, Artemis, Potenza, Alessandro, Dhesi, Sarnjeet S., Marchetto, Helder
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: biosensors; carbon; electrodes; porous materials; thin films
• ISSN: 1616-301X; 1616-3028
• DOI: 10.1002/adfm.200800951

We report a novel microwave plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition strategy for the efficient synthesis of multilayer graphene nanoflake films (MGNFs) on Si substrates. The constituent graphene nanoflakes have a highly graphitized knife‐edge structure with a 2–3 nm thick sharp edge and show a preferred vertical orientation with respect to the Si substrate as established by near‐edge X‐ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy. The growth rate is approximately 1.6 µm min−1, which is 10 times faster than the previously reported best value. The MGNFs are shown to demonstrate fast electron‐transfer (ET) kinetics for the Fe(CN)63−/4− redox system and excellent electrocatalytic activity for simultaneously determining dopamine (DA), ascorbic acid (AA) and uric acid (UA). Their biosensing DA performance in the presence of common interfering agents AA and UA is superior to other bare solid‐state electrodes and is comparable only to that of edge plane pyrolytic graphite. Our work here, establishes that the abundance of graphitic edge planes/defects are essentially responsible for the fast ET kinetics, active electrocatalytic and biosensing properties. This novel edge‐plane‐based electrochemical platform with the high surface area and electrocatalytic activity offers great promise for creating a revolutionary new class of nanostructured electrodes for biosensing, biofuel cells and energy‐conversion applications. Metal‐free multilayer graphene nanoflake films are efficiently grown on Si by a simple method without use of catalysts. They are made of interlaced highly graphitized, abundant knife‐edge nanoflakes with a 2–3 nm thick edge and have a preferentially vertical orientation. They demonstrate well resolved simultaneous discrimination of dopamine, ascorbic acid, and uric acid, much better than glassy carbon electrode.