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Aetiology of autism: findings and questions
Background Although there is good evidence that autism is a multifactorial disorder, an adequate understanding of the genetic and non‐genetic causes has yet to be achieved. Methods Empirical research findings and conceptual reviews are reviewed with respect to evidence on possible causal influence...
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| Published in: | Journal of intellectual disability research 2005-04, Vol.49 (4), p.231-238 |
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| Language: | English |
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| container_title | Journal of intellectual disability research |
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| creator | Rutter, M. |
| description | Background Although there is good evidence that autism is a multifactorial disorder, an adequate understanding of the genetic and non‐genetic causes has yet to be achieved.
Methods Empirical research findings and conceptual reviews are reviewed with respect to evidence on possible causal influences.
Results Much the strongest evidence concerns the importance of susceptibility genes, but such genes have yet to be identified. Specific somatic conditions (such as tuberous sclerosis and the fragile X anomaly) account for a small proportion of cases. Over recent decades there has been a major rise in the rate of diagnosed autism. The main explanation for this rise is to be found in better ascertainment and a broadening of the diagnostic concept. Nevertheless, some degree of true rise cannot be firmly excluded. However, the epidemiological evidence on the main hypothesized environmental explanation, namely the measles‐mumps‐rubella vaccine, is consistently negative.
Conclusion Progress on the elucidation of the causes of autism will be crucially dependent on the combination of epidemiology with more basic science laboratory studies. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1111/j.1365-2788.2005.00676.x |
| format | article |
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Methods Empirical research findings and conceptual reviews are reviewed with respect to evidence on possible causal influences.
Results Much the strongest evidence concerns the importance of susceptibility genes, but such genes have yet to be identified. Specific somatic conditions (such as tuberous sclerosis and the fragile X anomaly) account for a small proportion of cases. Over recent decades there has been a major rise in the rate of diagnosed autism. The main explanation for this rise is to be found in better ascertainment and a broadening of the diagnostic concept. Nevertheless, some degree of true rise cannot be firmly excluded. However, the epidemiological evidence on the main hypothesized environmental explanation, namely the measles‐mumps‐rubella vaccine, is consistently negative.
Conclusion Progress on the elucidation of the causes of autism will be crucially dependent on the combination of epidemiology with more basic science laboratory studies.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0964-2633</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1365-2788</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2788.2005.00676.x</identifier><identifier>PMID: 15816809</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Oxford, UK: Blackwell Science Ltd</publisher><subject>Anti-Infective Agents, Local - adverse effects ; Attribution Theory ; Autism ; Autism Spectrum Disorders ; Autistic Disorder - etiology ; Autistic Disorder - genetics ; Biological and medical sciences ; Blindness ; Causal Models ; Child ; Child clinical studies ; Chromosome Aberrations ; Chromosomes, Human, X - genetics ; Communicative Competence (Languages) ; Congenital Impairments ; Developmental disorders ; Disease ; Epidemiology ; Etiology ; Evidence ; Family (Sociological Unit) ; Female ; Fetal Diseases - microbiology ; Genes ; Genetic factors ; genetic influences ; Genetic Predisposition to Disease ; Genetics ; Humans ; Immunization ; Incidence ; Infantile autism ; Language Impairments ; measles-mumps-rubella vaccine ; Measles-Mumps-Rubella Vaccine - adverse effects ; Medical sciences ; Mental Disorders ; Pregnancy ; Pregnancy Complications ; Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects ; Psychiatry ; Psychology. Psychoanalysis. Psychiatry ; Psychopathology. Psychiatry ; Receptive Language ; Science Laboratories ; Semantics ; Thimerosal - adverse effects ; Vaccines</subject><ispartof>Journal of intellectual disability research, 2005-04, Vol.49 (4), p.231-238</ispartof><rights>2005 INIST-CNRS</rights><rights>Copyright Blackwell Publishing Apr 2005</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c5886-74122493ad54516ce1850539084bc9b4008891f41bdb9b7492e8f6785e99b1bb3</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c5886-74122493ad54516ce1850539084bc9b4008891f41bdb9b7492e8f6785e99b1bb3</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><link.rule.ids>314,780,784,27924,27925,30999,31000</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttp://eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/detail?accno=EJ686396$$DView record in ERIC$$Hfree_for_read</backlink><backlink>$$Uhttp://pascal-francis.inist.fr/vibad/index.php?action=getRecordDetail&idt=16632872$$DView record in Pascal Francis$$Hfree_for_read</backlink><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15816809$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Rutter, M.</creatorcontrib><title>Aetiology of autism: findings and questions</title><title>Journal of intellectual disability research</title><addtitle>J Intellect Disabil Res</addtitle><description>Background Although there is good evidence that autism is a multifactorial disorder, an adequate understanding of the genetic and non‐genetic causes has yet to be achieved.
Methods Empirical research findings and conceptual reviews are reviewed with respect to evidence on possible causal influences.
Results Much the strongest evidence concerns the importance of susceptibility genes, but such genes have yet to be identified. Specific somatic conditions (such as tuberous sclerosis and the fragile X anomaly) account for a small proportion of cases. Over recent decades there has been a major rise in the rate of diagnosed autism. The main explanation for this rise is to be found in better ascertainment and a broadening of the diagnostic concept. Nevertheless, some degree of true rise cannot be firmly excluded. However, the epidemiological evidence on the main hypothesized environmental explanation, namely the measles‐mumps‐rubella vaccine, is consistently negative.
Conclusion Progress on the elucidation of the causes of autism will be crucially dependent on the combination of epidemiology with more basic science laboratory studies.</description><subject>Anti-Infective Agents, Local - adverse effects</subject><subject>Attribution Theory</subject><subject>Autism</subject><subject>Autism Spectrum Disorders</subject><subject>Autistic Disorder - etiology</subject><subject>Autistic Disorder - genetics</subject><subject>Biological and medical sciences</subject><subject>Blindness</subject><subject>Causal Models</subject><subject>Child</subject><subject>Child clinical studies</subject><subject>Chromosome Aberrations</subject><subject>Chromosomes, Human, X - genetics</subject><subject>Communicative Competence (Languages)</subject><subject>Congenital Impairments</subject><subject>Developmental disorders</subject><subject>Disease</subject><subject>Epidemiology</subject><subject>Etiology</subject><subject>Evidence</subject><subject>Family (Sociological Unit)</subject><subject>Female</subject><subject>Fetal Diseases - microbiology</subject><subject>Genes</subject><subject>Genetic factors</subject><subject>genetic influences</subject><subject>Genetic Predisposition to Disease</subject><subject>Genetics</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>Immunization</subject><subject>Incidence</subject><subject>Infantile autism</subject><subject>Language Impairments</subject><subject>measles-mumps-rubella vaccine</subject><subject>Measles-Mumps-Rubella Vaccine - adverse effects</subject><subject>Medical sciences</subject><subject>Mental Disorders</subject><subject>Pregnancy</subject><subject>Pregnancy Complications</subject><subject>Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects</subject><subject>Psychiatry</subject><subject>Psychology. Psychoanalysis. Psychiatry</subject><subject>Psychopathology. Psychiatry</subject><subject>Receptive Language</subject><subject>Science Laboratories</subject><subject>Semantics</subject><subject>Thimerosal - adverse effects</subject><subject>Vaccines</subject><issn>0964-2633</issn><issn>1365-2788</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2005</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>7SW</sourceid><sourceid>7QJ</sourceid><recordid>eNqNkF1rFDEUhoModlv9ByKDoDcyYz5PkuJNKXXttijUr8uQzGRK1tmZmuzQ3X9vtrNswStzk8D7vCeHB6GC4Irk82FZEQaipFKpimIsKoxBQrV5gmaH4CmaYQ28pMDYETpOaYkzRTg8R0dEKAIK6xl6f-bXYeiG220xtIUd1yGtTos29E3ob1Nh-6b4M_qUmT69QM9a2yX_cn-foB-fLr6ffy6vv84vz8-uy1ooBaXkhFKumW0EFwRqT5TAgmmsuKu14xgrpUnLiWucdpJr6lULUgmvtSPOsRP0bpp7F4eHz80qpNp3ne39MCYjJOFEYJ7BN_-Ay2GMfd7NUKpAE0ZFhtQE1XFIKfrW3MWwsnFrCDY7m2ZpdtLMTprZ2TQPNs0mV1_v549u5ZvH4l5fBt7uAZtq27XR9nVIjxwAo0rSzL2aOB9DfYgvFqCAacjxxym-D53f_vd-ZnF5kx-5Xk71kNZ-c6jb-NuAZFKYX1_mZr7Q5NvV1Y35yf4C_ailAg</recordid><startdate>200504</startdate><enddate>200504</enddate><creator>Rutter, M.</creator><general>Blackwell Science Ltd</general><general>Blackwell Publishing</general><general>Blackwell</general><general>Wiley Subscription Services, Inc</general><scope>BSCLL</scope><scope>7SW</scope><scope>BJH</scope><scope>BNH</scope><scope>BNI</scope><scope>BNJ</scope><scope>BNO</scope><scope>ERI</scope><scope>PET</scope><scope>REK</scope><scope>WWN</scope><scope>IQODW</scope><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>7QJ</scope></search><sort><creationdate>200504</creationdate><title>Aetiology of autism: findings and questions</title><author>Rutter, M.</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c5886-74122493ad54516ce1850539084bc9b4008891f41bdb9b7492e8f6785e99b1bb3</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2005</creationdate><topic>Anti-Infective Agents, Local - adverse effects</topic><topic>Attribution Theory</topic><topic>Autism</topic><topic>Autism Spectrum Disorders</topic><topic>Autistic Disorder - etiology</topic><topic>Autistic Disorder - genetics</topic><topic>Biological and medical sciences</topic><topic>Blindness</topic><topic>Causal Models</topic><topic>Child</topic><topic>Child clinical studies</topic><topic>Chromosome Aberrations</topic><topic>Chromosomes, Human, X - genetics</topic><topic>Communicative Competence (Languages)</topic><topic>Congenital Impairments</topic><topic>Developmental disorders</topic><topic>Disease</topic><topic>Epidemiology</topic><topic>Etiology</topic><topic>Evidence</topic><topic>Family (Sociological Unit)</topic><topic>Female</topic><topic>Fetal Diseases - microbiology</topic><topic>Genes</topic><topic>Genetic factors</topic><topic>genetic influences</topic><topic>Genetic Predisposition to Disease</topic><topic>Genetics</topic><topic>Humans</topic><topic>Immunization</topic><topic>Incidence</topic><topic>Infantile autism</topic><topic>Language Impairments</topic><topic>measles-mumps-rubella vaccine</topic><topic>Measles-Mumps-Rubella Vaccine - adverse effects</topic><topic>Medical sciences</topic><topic>Mental Disorders</topic><topic>Pregnancy</topic><topic>Pregnancy Complications</topic><topic>Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects</topic><topic>Psychiatry</topic><topic>Psychology. Psychoanalysis. Psychiatry</topic><topic>Psychopathology. Psychiatry</topic><topic>Receptive Language</topic><topic>Science Laboratories</topic><topic>Semantics</topic><topic>Thimerosal - adverse effects</topic><topic>Vaccines</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Rutter, M.</creatorcontrib><collection>Istex</collection><collection>ERIC</collection><collection>ERIC (Ovid)</collection><collection>ERIC</collection><collection>ERIC</collection><collection>ERIC (Legacy Platform)</collection><collection>ERIC( SilverPlatter )</collection><collection>ERIC</collection><collection>ERIC PlusText (Legacy Platform)</collection><collection>Education Resources Information Center (ERIC)</collection><collection>ERIC</collection><collection>Pascal-Francis</collection><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>Applied Social Sciences Index & Abstracts (ASSIA)</collection><jtitle>Journal of intellectual disability research</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Rutter, M.</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><ericid>EJ686396</ericid><atitle>Aetiology of autism: findings and questions</atitle><jtitle>Journal of intellectual disability research</jtitle><addtitle>J Intellect Disabil Res</addtitle><date>2005-04</date><risdate>2005</risdate><volume>49</volume><issue>4</issue><spage>231</spage><epage>238</epage><pages>231-238</pages><issn>0964-2633</issn><eissn>1365-2788</eissn><abstract>Background Although there is good evidence that autism is a multifactorial disorder, an adequate understanding of the genetic and non‐genetic causes has yet to be achieved.
Methods Empirical research findings and conceptual reviews are reviewed with respect to evidence on possible causal influences.
Results Much the strongest evidence concerns the importance of susceptibility genes, but such genes have yet to be identified. Specific somatic conditions (such as tuberous sclerosis and the fragile X anomaly) account for a small proportion of cases. Over recent decades there has been a major rise in the rate of diagnosed autism. The main explanation for this rise is to be found in better ascertainment and a broadening of the diagnostic concept. Nevertheless, some degree of true rise cannot be firmly excluded. However, the epidemiological evidence on the main hypothesized environmental explanation, namely the measles‐mumps‐rubella vaccine, is consistently negative.
Conclusion Progress on the elucidation of the causes of autism will be crucially dependent on the combination of epidemiology with more basic science laboratory studies.</abstract><cop>Oxford, UK</cop><pub>Blackwell Science Ltd</pub><pmid>15816809</pmid><doi>10.1111/j.1365-2788.2005.00676.x</doi><tpages>8</tpages><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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| ispartof | Journal of intellectual disability research, 2005-04, Vol.49 (4), p.231-238 |
| issn | 0964-2633 1365-2788 |
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| source | Applied Social Sciences Index & Abstracts (ASSIA); Wiley; ERIC |
| subjects | Anti-Infective Agents, Local - adverse effects Attribution Theory Autism Autism Spectrum Disorders Autistic Disorder - etiology Autistic Disorder - genetics Biological and medical sciences Blindness Causal Models Child Child clinical studies Chromosome Aberrations Chromosomes, Human, X - genetics Communicative Competence (Languages) Congenital Impairments Developmental disorders Disease Epidemiology Etiology Evidence Family (Sociological Unit) Female Fetal Diseases - microbiology Genes Genetic factors genetic influences Genetic Predisposition to Disease Genetics Humans Immunization Incidence Infantile autism Language Impairments measles-mumps-rubella vaccine Measles-Mumps-Rubella Vaccine - adverse effects Medical sciences Mental Disorders Pregnancy Pregnancy Complications Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects Psychiatry Psychology. Psychoanalysis. Psychiatry Psychopathology. Psychiatry Receptive Language Science Laboratories Semantics Thimerosal - adverse effects Vaccines |
| title | Aetiology of autism: findings and questions |
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