The Personal Disturbance Scale (sAD): normative data and latent structure in a large non-clinical sample

The Personal Disturbance Scale [sAD; Bedford & Foulds (1978) Delusions–Symptoms–States Inventory State of Anxiety and Depression. Windsor: NFER-Nelson] is widely used in diverse settings and yet there are unresolved issues concerning its psychometric properties and normative data for the English...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:Personality and individual differences 2002-12, Vol.33 (8), p.1343-1360
Main Authors: Henry, J.D, Crawford, J.R, Bedford, A, Crombie, C, Taylor, E.P
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Biological and medical sciences
Latent structures
Medical sciences
Mood disorders
Normative data
Personal Disturbance Scale
Personality tests
Psychology. Psychoanalysis. Psychiatry
Psychometric properties
Psychometrics. Diagnostic aid systems
Psychopathology. Psychiatry
sAD
Techniques and methods
Tripartite model
Validity
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Summary:The Personal Disturbance Scale [sAD; Bedford & Foulds (1978) Delusions–Symptoms–States Inventory State of Anxiety and Depression. Windsor: NFER-Nelson] is widely used in diverse settings and yet there are unresolved issues concerning its psychometric properties and normative data for the English speaking version are limited. The sAD was administered to a large sample of the general adult population ( N=758). Demographic variables (gender, age, years of education and occupational status) had only very modest influences on sAD scores. Tables are presented for conversion of raw scores on the Anxiety, Depression and Total scales to percentiles. The sAD scales possessed adequate convergent and discriminant validity, as demonstrated by their pattern of correlations with two other measures of depression and anxiety (the DASS and the HADS). Ten competing models of the latent structure of the sAD were derived from theoretical and empirical sources. These models were evaluated using confirmatory factor analysis. The best fitting model (CFI=0.96) had a tripartite structure, and consisted of a general factor of psychological distress/negative affectivity (all items loaded on this factor) plus orthogonal specific factors of anxiety and depression. Correlated errors specified according to previous empirical findings were permitted. The theoretical and practical implications of this latent structure are discussed.
ISSN:0191-8869
1873-3549
DOI:10.1016/S0191-8869(02)00017-X