Specificity of Panic Response to CO2 Inhalation in Panic Disorder: A Comparison With Major Depression and Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder

• Published in: The American journal of psychiatry 2001-01, Vol.158 (1), p.58-67
• Main Authors: Kent, Justine M., Papp, Laszlo A., Martinez, Jose M., Browne, Susan T., Coplan, Jeremy D., Klein, Donald F., Gorman, Jack M.
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Adult and adolescent clinical studies; Anxiety disorders. Neuroses; Biological and medical sciences; Carbon dioxide; Comparative studies; Depression; Medical sciences; Menstruation; Mental depression; Mental disorders; Mood disorders; Panic attacks; Panic disorder; Panic disorders; Premenstrual syndrome; Psychiatry; Psychology. Psychoanalysis. Psychiatry; Psychopathology. Psychiatry
• ISSN: 0002-953X; 1535-7228
• DOI: 10.1176/appi.ajp.158.1.58

OBJECTIVE: The behavioral response to CO2 inhalation has been used to differentiate panic disorder patients from normal subjects and other clinical populations. This study extended examination of the diagnostic specificity of CO2-induced anxiety by testing panic disorder patients and clinical populations with reported low and high sensitivity to CO2 inhalation (patients with major depression and patients with premenstrual dysphoric disorder, respectively). METHOD: The behavioral responses to inhalation of 5% and 7% CO2, administered by means of a respiratory canopy, were studied in 50 patients with panic disorder, 21 with major depression, and 10 with premenstrual dysphoric disorder and in 34 normal comparison subjects. Occurrence of panic attacks was judged with DSM-IV criteria by a blind rater. Subjects were rated on three behavioral scales at baseline and after each CO2 inhalation. RESULTS: Panic disorder patients had a higher rate of CO2-induced panic attacks than depressed patients and normal subjects, whose panic rates were not distinguishable. The panic rate for patients with premenstrual dysphoric disorder was similar to that for panic disorder patients and higher than that for normal subjects. Subjects with CO2-induced panic attacks had similarly high ratings on the behavioral scales, regardless of diagnosis, including the small number of panicking normal subjects. Seven percent CO2 was a more robust panicogen than 5%, and response to 7% CO2 better distinguished panic disorder patients from normal subjects than response to 5% CO2. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with panic disorder and patients with premenstrual dysphoric disorder are highly susceptible to CO2-induced panic attacks, and depressed patients appear to be insensitive to CO2 inhalation. The symptoms of CO2-induced panic attacks have a similar intensity regardless of the subject's diagnosis.