Strategic importance of green water in international crop trade

• Published in: Ecological economics 2010-02, Vol.69 (4), p.887-894
• Main Authors: Aldaya, M.M., Allan, J.A., Hoekstra, A.Y.
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Agricultural production; Agriculture; Blue water use; Export-import trade; Exports; Food security; Grain; Green water; International trade; Irrigation; Maize; Opportunity cost; Rainfall; Soybean; Strategic planning; Trade; Triticum aestivum; Virtual water; Virtual water Green water Maize Soybean Wheat Trade Blue water use; Water consumption; Water resources; Water supply; Wheat; Zea mays
• ISSN: 0921-8009; 1873-6106
• DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolecon.2009.11.001

Virtual water is the volume of water used to produce a commodity or service. Hitherto, most virtual water ‘trade’ studies have focused on its potential contribution to saving water, especially in water short regions. Very little, however, has been said about the opportunity cost of the associated water. The present research critically evaluates the strategic importance of green water (soil water originating from rainfall) in relation to international commodity trade. Besides having a lower opportunity cost, the use of green water for the production of crops has generally less negative environmental externalities than the use of blue water (irrigation with water abstracted from ground or surface water systems). Although it is widely known that major grain exporters – the USA, Canada, France, Australia and Argentina – produce grain in highly productive rain-fed conditions, green water volumes in exports have rarely been estimated. The present study corroborates that green water is by far the largest share of virtual water in maize, soybean and wheat exports from its main exporting countries (USA, Canada, Australia and Argentina) during the period 2000–2004. Insofar virtual water is ‘traded’ towards water-scarce nations that heavily depend on their blue water resources, green virtual-water ‘trade’ related to these commodities plays a role in ensuring water and water-dependent food security and avoiding further potential damage to the water environments in both importing and exporting countries. This potential of international green virtual-water ‘trade’, however, is constrained by factors such as technology, the potential for further increases in the productivity of soil and irrigation water, the level of socio-economic development, national food policies and international trade agreements.