Loading…
Social Well-Being
The proposal of five dimensions of social well-being, social integration, social contribution, social coherence, social actualization, and social acceptance, is theoretically substantiated. The theoretical structure, constructure, construct validity, and the social structural sources of the dimensio...
Saved in:
Published in: | Social psychology quarterly 1998-06, Vol.61 (2), p.121-140 |
---|---|
Main Author: | |
Format: | Article |
Language: | English |
Subjects: | |
Citations: | Items that cite this one |
Online Access: | Get full text |
Tags: |
Add Tag
No Tags, Be the first to tag this record!
|
cited_by | cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c390t-1ec98dacdda970fcaaf01e24fe88f2989a99420ce757251866d8a4ac7626ddc23 |
---|---|
cites | |
container_end_page | 140 |
container_issue | 2 |
container_start_page | 121 |
container_title | Social psychology quarterly |
container_volume | 61 |
creator | KEYES, C. L. M |
description | The proposal of five dimensions of social well-being, social integration, social contribution, social coherence, social actualization, and social acceptance, is theoretically substantiated. The theoretical structure, constructure, construct validity, and the social structural sources of the dimensions of social well-being are investigated in two studies. Item and confirmatory factor analyses in both studies corroborate the theoretical model of social well-being. The new scales correlate convergently with measures of anomie, generativity, perceived social constraints, community involvement and neighborhood quality. The new scales correlate discriminantly with measures of dysphoria, global well-being, physical health and optimism. Multivariate analyses in both studies substantiate the claim that social well-being is an achievement, facilitated by educational attainment and age. The state and direction of the study of adult functioning are discussed. |
doi_str_mv | 10.2307/2787065 |
format | article |
fullrecord | <record><control><sourceid>jstor_proqu</sourceid><recordid>TN_cdi_proquest_miscellaneous_60076427</recordid><sourceformat>XML</sourceformat><sourcesystem>PC</sourcesystem><jstor_id>2787065</jstor_id><sourcerecordid>2787065</sourcerecordid><originalsourceid>FETCH-LOGICAL-c390t-1ec98dacdda970fcaaf01e24fe88f2989a99420ce757251866d8a4ac7626ddc23</originalsourceid><addsrcrecordid>eNqF0E1LAzEQBuAgCtYq4t2DqOhpdfKxSeaoxS8oeFDxGIZsVrZsdzVpD_57U7ooCGIuOeThncnL2D6HCyHBXApjDehyg404SiwsIm6yEXCEQhhRbrOdlGaQj9I4YgdPvW-oPXoNbVtch6Z722VbNbUp7A33mL3c3jxP7ovp493D5GpaeImwKHjwaCvyVUVooPZENfAgVB2srQVaJEQlwAdT5qncal1ZUuSNFrqqvJBjdrbOfY_9xzKkhZs3yec1qAv9MjkNYLQS5l9Y5kiDCjM8_gVn_TJ2-RNOcKERpYSMTv5C3CBfVcdX6nytfOxTiqF277GZU_x0HNyqZjfUnOXpkEfJU1tH6nyTvnm2yhiZ2eGazdKijz_PQ8oXdfGAWQ</addsrcrecordid><sourcetype>Aggregation Database</sourcetype><iscdi>true</iscdi><recordtype>article</recordtype><pqid>212699330</pqid></control><display><type>article</type><title>Social Well-Being</title><source>Applied Social Sciences Index & Abstracts (ASSIA)</source><source>International Bibliography of the Social Sciences (IBSS)</source><source>JSTOR Archival Journals and Primary Sources Collection</source><source>Social Science Premium Collection</source><source>Sociology Collection</source><source>ProQuest One Literature</source><source>Sociological Abstracts</source><source>Education Collection</source><creator>KEYES, C. L. M</creator><creatorcontrib>KEYES, C. L. M</creatorcontrib><description>The proposal of five dimensions of social well-being, social integration, social contribution, social coherence, social actualization, and social acceptance, is theoretically substantiated. The theoretical structure, constructure, construct validity, and the social structural sources of the dimensions of social well-being are investigated in two studies. Item and confirmatory factor analyses in both studies corroborate the theoretical model of social well-being. The new scales correlate convergently with measures of anomie, generativity, perceived social constraints, community involvement and neighborhood quality. The new scales correlate discriminantly with measures of dysphoria, global well-being, physical health and optimism. Multivariate analyses in both studies substantiate the claim that social well-being is an achievement, facilitated by educational attainment and age. The state and direction of the study of adult functioning are discussed.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0190-2725</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1939-8999</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.2307/2787065</identifier><identifier>CODEN: SPQUD6</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Washington, DC: American Sociological Association</publisher><subject>Actualization ; Adult Development ; Adults ; Age ; Age Differences ; Anomie ; Attitude Measures ; Beliefs ; Biological and medical sciences ; Coherence ; Communities ; Community Involvement ; Construct Validity ; Definitions ; Dimensions ; Educational Attainment ; Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology ; Individual Differences ; Interpersonal Relationship ; Mental health ; Physical Health ; Psychology. Psychoanalysis. Psychiatry ; Psychology. Psychophysiology ; Psychometrics ; Psychometrics. Sociometry ; Scales ; Self Efficacy ; Social acceptance ; Social integration ; Social Isolation ; Social psychology ; Social Responsibility ; Social well being ; Social wellbeing ; Validity ; Well Being ; Wellbeing ; Wisconsin</subject><ispartof>Social psychology quarterly, 1998-06, Vol.61 (2), p.121-140</ispartof><rights>Copyright 1998 The American Sociological Association</rights><rights>1998 INIST-CNRS</rights><rights>Copyright American Sociological Association Jun 1998</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c390t-1ec98dacdda970fcaaf01e24fe88f2989a99420ce757251866d8a4ac7626ddc23</citedby></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/2787065$$EPDF$$P50$$Gjstor$$H</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://www.proquest.com/docview/212699330?pq-origsite=primo$$EHTML$$P50$$Gproquest$$H</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>314,780,784,12845,12846,21377,21393,21394,27343,27923,27924,30998,30999,33222,33610,33611,33773,33774,33876,33877,34529,34530,43732,43879,44114,58237,58470,62660,62661,62663,62676</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttp://pascal-francis.inist.fr/vibad/index.php?action=getRecordDetail&idt=2304773$$DView record in Pascal Francis$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>KEYES, C. L. M</creatorcontrib><title>Social Well-Being</title><title>Social psychology quarterly</title><description>The proposal of five dimensions of social well-being, social integration, social contribution, social coherence, social actualization, and social acceptance, is theoretically substantiated. The theoretical structure, constructure, construct validity, and the social structural sources of the dimensions of social well-being are investigated in two studies. Item and confirmatory factor analyses in both studies corroborate the theoretical model of social well-being. The new scales correlate convergently with measures of anomie, generativity, perceived social constraints, community involvement and neighborhood quality. The new scales correlate discriminantly with measures of dysphoria, global well-being, physical health and optimism. Multivariate analyses in both studies substantiate the claim that social well-being is an achievement, facilitated by educational attainment and age. The state and direction of the study of adult functioning are discussed.</description><subject>Actualization</subject><subject>Adult Development</subject><subject>Adults</subject><subject>Age</subject><subject>Age Differences</subject><subject>Anomie</subject><subject>Attitude Measures</subject><subject>Beliefs</subject><subject>Biological and medical sciences</subject><subject>Coherence</subject><subject>Communities</subject><subject>Community Involvement</subject><subject>Construct Validity</subject><subject>Definitions</subject><subject>Dimensions</subject><subject>Educational Attainment</subject><subject>Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology</subject><subject>Individual Differences</subject><subject>Interpersonal Relationship</subject><subject>Mental health</subject><subject>Physical Health</subject><subject>Psychology. Psychoanalysis. Psychiatry</subject><subject>Psychology. Psychophysiology</subject><subject>Psychometrics</subject><subject>Psychometrics. Sociometry</subject><subject>Scales</subject><subject>Self Efficacy</subject><subject>Social acceptance</subject><subject>Social integration</subject><subject>Social Isolation</subject><subject>Social psychology</subject><subject>Social Responsibility</subject><subject>Social well being</subject><subject>Social wellbeing</subject><subject>Validity</subject><subject>Well Being</subject><subject>Wellbeing</subject><subject>Wisconsin</subject><issn>0190-2725</issn><issn>1939-8999</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>1998</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>7QJ</sourceid><sourceid>8BJ</sourceid><sourceid>AIMQZ</sourceid><sourceid>ALSLI</sourceid><sourceid>BHHNA</sourceid><sourceid>CJNVE</sourceid><sourceid>HEHIP</sourceid><sourceid>M0P</sourceid><sourceid>M2R</sourceid><sourceid>M2S</sourceid><recordid>eNqF0E1LAzEQBuAgCtYq4t2DqOhpdfKxSeaoxS8oeFDxGIZsVrZsdzVpD_57U7ooCGIuOeThncnL2D6HCyHBXApjDehyg404SiwsIm6yEXCEQhhRbrOdlGaQj9I4YgdPvW-oPXoNbVtch6Z722VbNbUp7A33mL3c3jxP7ovp493D5GpaeImwKHjwaCvyVUVooPZENfAgVB2srQVaJEQlwAdT5qncal1ZUuSNFrqqvJBjdrbOfY_9xzKkhZs3yec1qAv9MjkNYLQS5l9Y5kiDCjM8_gVn_TJ2-RNOcKERpYSMTv5C3CBfVcdX6nytfOxTiqF277GZU_x0HNyqZjfUnOXpkEfJU1tH6nyTvnm2yhiZ2eGazdKijz_PQ8oXdfGAWQ</recordid><startdate>19980601</startdate><enddate>19980601</enddate><creator>KEYES, C. L. M</creator><general>American Sociological Association</general><general>American Sociological Association, etc</general><scope>IQODW</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>FIXVA</scope><scope>FKUCP</scope><scope>IOIBA</scope><scope>K30</scope><scope>PAAUG</scope><scope>PAWHS</scope><scope>PAWZZ</scope><scope>PAXOH</scope><scope>PBHAV</scope><scope>PBQSW</scope><scope>PBYQZ</scope><scope>PCIWU</scope><scope>PCMID</scope><scope>PCZJX</scope><scope>PDGRG</scope><scope>PDWWI</scope><scope>PETMR</scope><scope>PFVGT</scope><scope>PGXDX</scope><scope>PIHIL</scope><scope>PISVA</scope><scope>PJCTQ</scope><scope>PJTMS</scope><scope>PLCHJ</scope><scope>PMHAD</scope><scope>PNQDJ</scope><scope>POUND</scope><scope>PPLAD</scope><scope>PQAPC</scope><scope>PQCAN</scope><scope>PQCMW</scope><scope>PQEME</scope><scope>PQHKH</scope><scope>PQMID</scope><scope>PQNCT</scope><scope>PQNET</scope><scope>PQSCT</scope><scope>PQSET</scope><scope>PSVJG</scope><scope>PVMQY</scope><scope>PZGFC</scope><scope>0-V</scope><scope>3V.</scope><scope>7QJ</scope><scope>7RV</scope><scope>7U4</scope><scope>7X7</scope><scope>7XB</scope><scope>88B</scope><scope>88E</scope><scope>88G</scope><scope>88I</scope><scope>88J</scope><scope>8AF</scope><scope>8BJ</scope><scope>8FI</scope><scope>8FJ</scope><scope>8FK</scope><scope>8G5</scope><scope>ABUWG</scope><scope>AFKRA</scope><scope>AIMQZ</scope><scope>ALSLI</scope><scope>AZQEC</scope><scope>BENPR</scope><scope>BHHNA</scope><scope>CCPQU</scope><scope>CJNVE</scope><scope>DWI</scope><scope>DWQXO</scope><scope>FQK</scope><scope>FYUFA</scope><scope>GHDGH</scope><scope>GNUQQ</scope><scope>GUQSH</scope><scope>HCIFZ</scope><scope>HEHIP</scope><scope>JBE</scope><scope>K9.</scope><scope>KB0</scope><scope>LIQON</scope><scope>M0P</scope><scope>M0S</scope><scope>M1P</scope><scope>M2M</scope><scope>M2O</scope><scope>M2P</scope><scope>M2R</scope><scope>M2S</scope><scope>MBDVC</scope><scope>NAPCQ</scope><scope>PQEDU</scope><scope>PQEST</scope><scope>PQQKQ</scope><scope>PQUKI</scope><scope>PRINS</scope><scope>PSYQQ</scope><scope>Q9U</scope><scope>S0X</scope><scope>WZK</scope></search><sort><creationdate>19980601</creationdate><title>Social Well-Being</title><author>KEYES, C. L. M</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c390t-1ec98dacdda970fcaaf01e24fe88f2989a99420ce757251866d8a4ac7626ddc23</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>1998</creationdate><topic>Actualization</topic><topic>Adult Development</topic><topic>Adults</topic><topic>Age</topic><topic>Age Differences</topic><topic>Anomie</topic><topic>Attitude Measures</topic><topic>Beliefs</topic><topic>Biological and medical sciences</topic><topic>Coherence</topic><topic>Communities</topic><topic>Community Involvement</topic><topic>Construct Validity</topic><topic>Definitions</topic><topic>Dimensions</topic><topic>Educational Attainment</topic><topic>Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology</topic><topic>Individual Differences</topic><topic>Interpersonal Relationship</topic><topic>Mental health</topic><topic>Physical Health</topic><topic>Psychology. Psychoanalysis. Psychiatry</topic><topic>Psychology. Psychophysiology</topic><topic>Psychometrics</topic><topic>Psychometrics. Sociometry</topic><topic>Scales</topic><topic>Self Efficacy</topic><topic>Social acceptance</topic><topic>Social integration</topic><topic>Social Isolation</topic><topic>Social psychology</topic><topic>Social Responsibility</topic><topic>Social well being</topic><topic>Social wellbeing</topic><topic>Validity</topic><topic>Well Being</topic><topic>Wellbeing</topic><topic>Wisconsin</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>KEYES, C. L. M</creatorcontrib><collection>Pascal-Francis</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>Periodicals Index Online Segment 03</collection><collection>Periodicals Index Online Segment 04</collection><collection>Periodicals Index Online Segment 29</collection><collection>Periodicals Index Online</collection><collection>Primary Sources Access—Foundation Edition (Plan E) - West</collection><collection>Primary Sources Access (Plan D) - International</collection><collection>Primary Sources Access & Build (Plan A) - MEA</collection><collection>Primary Sources Access—Foundation Edition (Plan E) - Midwest</collection><collection>Primary Sources Access—Foundation Edition (Plan E) - Northeast</collection><collection>Primary Sources Access (Plan D) - Southeast</collection><collection>Primary Sources Access (Plan D) - North Central</collection><collection>Primary Sources Access—Foundation Edition (Plan E) - Southeast</collection><collection>Primary Sources Access (Plan D) - South Central</collection><collection>Primary Sources Access & Build (Plan A) - UK / I</collection><collection>Primary Sources Access (Plan D) - Canada</collection><collection>Primary Sources Access (Plan D) - EMEALA</collection><collection>Primary Sources Access—Foundation Edition (Plan E) - North Central</collection><collection>Primary Sources Access—Foundation Edition (Plan E) - South Central</collection><collection>Primary Sources Access & Build (Plan A) - International</collection><collection>Primary Sources Access—Foundation Edition (Plan E) - International</collection><collection>Primary Sources Access (Plan D) - West</collection><collection>Periodicals Index Online Segments 1-50</collection><collection>Primary Sources Access (Plan D) - APAC</collection><collection>Primary Sources Access (Plan D) - Midwest</collection><collection>Primary Sources Access (Plan D) - MEA</collection><collection>Primary Sources Access—Foundation Edition (Plan E) - Canada</collection><collection>Primary Sources Access—Foundation Edition (Plan E) - UK / I</collection><collection>Primary Sources Access—Foundation Edition (Plan E) - EMEALA</collection><collection>Primary Sources Access & Build (Plan A) - APAC</collection><collection>Primary Sources Access & Build (Plan A) - Canada</collection><collection>Primary Sources Access & Build (Plan A) - West</collection><collection>Primary Sources Access & Build (Plan A) - EMEALA</collection><collection>Primary Sources Access (Plan D) - Northeast</collection><collection>Primary Sources Access & Build (Plan A) - Midwest</collection><collection>Primary Sources Access & Build (Plan A) - North Central</collection><collection>Primary Sources Access & Build (Plan A) - Northeast</collection><collection>Primary Sources Access & Build (Plan A) - South Central</collection><collection>Primary Sources Access & Build (Plan A) - Southeast</collection><collection>Primary Sources Access (Plan D) - UK / I</collection><collection>Primary Sources Access—Foundation Edition (Plan E) - APAC</collection><collection>Primary Sources Access—Foundation Edition (Plan E) - MEA</collection><collection>ProQuest Social Sciences Premium Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Corporate)</collection><collection>Applied Social Sciences Index & Abstracts (ASSIA)</collection><collection>Proquest Nursing & Allied Health Source</collection><collection>Sociological Abstracts (pre-2017)</collection><collection>Health & Medical Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>Education Database (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Medical Database (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Psychology Database (Alumni)</collection><collection>Science Database (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Social Science Database (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>STEM Database</collection><collection>International Bibliography of the Social Sciences (IBSS)</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni) (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>Research Library (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central</collection><collection>ProQuest One Literature</collection><collection>Social Science Premium Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Essentials</collection><collection>ProQuest Central</collection><collection>Sociological Abstracts</collection><collection>ProQuest One Community College</collection><collection>Education Collection</collection><collection>Sociological Abstracts</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Korea</collection><collection>International Bibliography of the Social Sciences</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection (Alumni)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Student</collection><collection>Research Library Prep</collection><collection>SciTech Premium Collection</collection><collection>Sociology Collection</collection><collection>International Bibliography of the Social Sciences</collection><collection>ProQuest Health & Medical Complete (Alumni)</collection><collection>Nursing & Allied Health Database (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Literature - U.S. Customers Only</collection><collection>Education Database</collection><collection>Health & Medical Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Medical Database</collection><collection>Psychology Database</collection><collection>Research Library</collection><collection>Science Database</collection><collection>Social Science Database</collection><collection>Sociology Database (ProQuest)</collection><collection>Research Library (Corporate)</collection><collection>Nursing & Allied Health Premium</collection><collection>ProQuest One Education</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic Eastern Edition (DO NOT USE)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic UKI Edition</collection><collection>ProQuest Central China</collection><collection>ProQuest One Psychology</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Basic</collection><collection>SIRS Editorial</collection><collection>Sociological Abstracts (Ovid)</collection><jtitle>Social psychology quarterly</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>KEYES, C. L. M</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Social Well-Being</atitle><jtitle>Social psychology quarterly</jtitle><date>1998-06-01</date><risdate>1998</risdate><volume>61</volume><issue>2</issue><spage>121</spage><epage>140</epage><pages>121-140</pages><issn>0190-2725</issn><eissn>1939-8999</eissn><coden>SPQUD6</coden><abstract>The proposal of five dimensions of social well-being, social integration, social contribution, social coherence, social actualization, and social acceptance, is theoretically substantiated. The theoretical structure, constructure, construct validity, and the social structural sources of the dimensions of social well-being are investigated in two studies. Item and confirmatory factor analyses in both studies corroborate the theoretical model of social well-being. The new scales correlate convergently with measures of anomie, generativity, perceived social constraints, community involvement and neighborhood quality. The new scales correlate discriminantly with measures of dysphoria, global well-being, physical health and optimism. Multivariate analyses in both studies substantiate the claim that social well-being is an achievement, facilitated by educational attainment and age. The state and direction of the study of adult functioning are discussed.</abstract><cop>Washington, DC</cop><pub>American Sociological Association</pub><doi>10.2307/2787065</doi><tpages>20</tpages></addata></record> |
fulltext | fulltext |
identifier | ISSN: 0190-2725 |
ispartof | Social psychology quarterly, 1998-06, Vol.61 (2), p.121-140 |
issn | 0190-2725 1939-8999 |
language | eng |
recordid | cdi_proquest_miscellaneous_60076427 |
source | Applied Social Sciences Index & Abstracts (ASSIA); International Bibliography of the Social Sciences (IBSS); JSTOR Archival Journals and Primary Sources Collection; Social Science Premium Collection; Sociology Collection; ProQuest One Literature; Sociological Abstracts; Education Collection |
subjects | Actualization Adult Development Adults Age Age Differences Anomie Attitude Measures Beliefs Biological and medical sciences Coherence Communities Community Involvement Construct Validity Definitions Dimensions Educational Attainment Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology Individual Differences Interpersonal Relationship Mental health Physical Health Psychology. Psychoanalysis. Psychiatry Psychology. Psychophysiology Psychometrics Psychometrics. Sociometry Scales Self Efficacy Social acceptance Social integration Social Isolation Social psychology Social Responsibility Social well being Social wellbeing Validity Well Being Wellbeing Wisconsin |
title | Social Well-Being |
url | http://sfxeu10.hosted.exlibrisgroup.com/loughborough?ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=info:ofi/enc:UTF-8&ctx_tim=2025-01-08T16%3A50%3A28IST&url_ver=Z39.88-2004&url_ctx_fmt=infofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&rfr_id=info:sid/primo.exlibrisgroup.com:primo3-Article-jstor_proqu&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:journal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Social%20Well-Being&rft.jtitle=Social%20psychology%20quarterly&rft.au=KEYES,%20C.%20L.%20M&rft.date=1998-06-01&rft.volume=61&rft.issue=2&rft.spage=121&rft.epage=140&rft.pages=121-140&rft.issn=0190-2725&rft.eissn=1939-8999&rft.coden=SPQUD6&rft_id=info:doi/10.2307/2787065&rft_dat=%3Cjstor_proqu%3E2787065%3C/jstor_proqu%3E%3Cgrp_id%3Ecdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c390t-1ec98dacdda970fcaaf01e24fe88f2989a99420ce757251866d8a4ac7626ddc23%3C/grp_id%3E%3Coa%3E%3C/oa%3E%3Curl%3E%3C/url%3E&rft_id=info:oai/&rft_pqid=212699330&rft_id=info:pmid/&rft_jstor_id=2787065&rfr_iscdi=true |