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Work Organization in Modern Fishing

Preindustrial ocean fishing is characterized by rational administration, egalitarian work relations, clearly specified and limited authority, and relatively wide distribution of the means of production. Exposure to physical risk; uncertainty; separation of work place from residence; difficulty of ma...

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Published in:Human organization 1978-07, Vol.37 (2), p.163-171
Main Authors: NORR, JAMES L., NORR, KATHLEEN L.
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Language:English
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description Preindustrial ocean fishing is characterized by rational administration, egalitarian work relations, clearly specified and limited authority, and relatively wide distribution of the means of production. Exposure to physical risk; uncertainty; separation of work place from residence; difficulty of maintaining clear-cut control of productive factors; and high demands for skill, teamwork, and coordination account for these work characteristics. We examine modern fishing to see if these technical and environmental constraints so important in preindustrial societies continue to operate in the same way, or if higher levels of capitalization radically alter the form of work organization. Information on modern fishing comes from ethnographies of North Atlantic fishermen. Technical and environmental constraints continue undiminished or even increased in modern fishing. There is also a continuation of the egalitarian work patterns, rational administration and absence of bureaucracy, provided fishermen are in control of fishing operations. Where nonfishermen gain control of the means of production, hierarchy and power of owners increase. By providing resources needed for higher levels of capitalization in modern fishing, outside agencies such as governments or cooperatives can support continued control of working conditions by fishermen. La grande pêche pre-industrielle est caractérisée par l'administration rationnelle, des relations de travail égalitaires, l'autorité limitée et clairement précisée et une distribution relativement large des moyens de production. Les risques physiques de l'entreprise, l'incertitude, la séparation du lieu de résidence à cause du travail, la difficulté de maintenir une maîtrise nettement dessinée sur les facteurs de production, et les hautes exigences de compétence, de travail en équipe et de coordination expliquent ces caractéristiques de travail. On examine la pêche moderne pour voir si ces contraintes techniques et d'environnement si importantes dans les sociétés pre-industrielles continuent à agir de la même manière ou si les niveaux plus hauts de capitalisation changent radicalement la forme de l'organisation du travail. L'information sur la pêche moderne vient des ethnographies sur les pêcheurs de l'Atlantique Nord. Les contraintes techniques et d'environnement continuent sans diminuer et ont même augmenté dans la pêche moderne. Les relations de travail égalitaires, l'administration rationnelle et l'absence de bureaucratie continu
doi_str_mv 10.17730/humo.37.2.2056747vv060l327
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Exposure to physical risk; uncertainty; separation of work place from residence; difficulty of maintaining clear-cut control of productive factors; and high demands for skill, teamwork, and coordination account for these work characteristics. We examine modern fishing to see if these technical and environmental constraints so important in preindustrial societies continue to operate in the same way, or if higher levels of capitalization radically alter the form of work organization. Information on modern fishing comes from ethnographies of North Atlantic fishermen. Technical and environmental constraints continue undiminished or even increased in modern fishing. There is also a continuation of the egalitarian work patterns, rational administration and absence of bureaucracy, provided fishermen are in control of fishing operations. Where nonfishermen gain control of the means of production, hierarchy and power of owners increase. By providing resources needed for higher levels of capitalization in modern fishing, outside agencies such as governments or cooperatives can support continued control of working conditions by fishermen. La grande pêche pre-industrielle est caractérisée par l'administration rationnelle, des relations de travail égalitaires, l'autorité limitée et clairement précisée et une distribution relativement large des moyens de production. Les risques physiques de l'entreprise, l'incertitude, la séparation du lieu de résidence à cause du travail, la difficulté de maintenir une maîtrise nettement dessinée sur les facteurs de production, et les hautes exigences de compétence, de travail en équipe et de coordination expliquent ces caractéristiques de travail. On examine la pêche moderne pour voir si ces contraintes techniques et d'environnement si importantes dans les sociétés pre-industrielles continuent à agir de la même manière ou si les niveaux plus hauts de capitalisation changent radicalement la forme de l'organisation du travail. L'information sur la pêche moderne vient des ethnographies sur les pêcheurs de l'Atlantique Nord. Les contraintes techniques et d'environnement continuent sans diminuer et ont même augmenté dans la pêche moderne. Les relations de travail égalitaires, l'administration rationnelle et l'absence de bureaucratie continuent à condition que les pêcheurs dirigent les opérations de pêche. Quand ce ne sont pas des pêcheurs qui sont à la tête des moyens de production, la hiérarchie et le pouvoir des proprietaries augmentent. Des agents extérieurs comme des gouvernements ou des coopératives peuvent aider les pêcheurs à contrôler les conditions de travail en fournisant les ressources nécessaires pour atteindre des niveaux plus hauts de capitalisation dans la pêche moderne. La pesca de mar preindustrial se caracteriza por la administración racional, relaciones de trabajo igualitarias, la autoridad limitada y claramente especificada y por una distribución relativamente amplia de los medios de producción. Estas características se explican por los riesgos físicos de la empresa, la incertidumbre, la separación del lugar de trabajo y la residencia, las dificultades para mantener un control bien definido de los factores de producción y la gran necesidad de destreza, trabajo en equipo y coordinación. Examinamos la pesca moderna para ver si estas restricciones técnicas y ambientales, tan importantes en las sociedades preindustriales, continuan operando de la misma forma o si un mayor grado de capitalización altera radicalmente la forma de organización del trabajo. La información sobre la pesca moderna se obtuvo de etnografías sobre pescadores del Atlántico norte. Las restricciones técnicas y ambientales continuan sin disminuir o han aún aumentado en la pesca moderna. Continuan las relaciones de trabajo igualitarias, la administración racional y ausencia de burocracia mientras son los pescadores los que tienen control de las operaciones de pesca. Allí donde los medios de producción no están en manos de pescadores, aumentan la jerarquía y el poder de los dueños. Agencias exteriores tales como gobiernos o cooperativas pueden ayudarles a los pescadores a mantener el control de las condiciones de trabajo proporcionándoles los recursos necesarios para un mayor grado de capitalización en la pesca moderna.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0018-7259</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1938-3525</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.17730/humo.37.2.2056747vv060l327</identifier><identifier>CODEN: HUORAY</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Washington, D.C: The Society for Applied Anthropology</publisher><subject>Atlantic ; Boats ; Commercial fishing ; Fish trawling ; Fishers ; Fishing ; Fishing equipment ; Gill nets ; Herring ; Modern/Modernity/Modernism/ Modernist/ Modernists/ Modernizing ; North/Northern/Northerner/ Northerners ; Organization/Organizations/ Organizational/ Organize/ Organizers/ Organized/ Organizing ; Peasant class ; Seiners ; Trawlers ; Work/Works/Working</subject><ispartof>Human organization, 1978-07, Vol.37 (2), p.163-171</ispartof><rights>Copyright © 1978 Society for Applied Anthropology</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c276t-5a96ca571e43997db7bdcc068c0dc6c8495b4ebf6550042ea9d42db078c24913</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c276t-5a96ca571e43997db7bdcc068c0dc6c8495b4ebf6550042ea9d42db078c24913</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/44126093$$EPDF$$P50$$Gjstor$$H</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://www.jstor.org/stable/44126093$$EHTML$$P50$$Gjstor$$H</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>314,776,780,27901,27902,33752,58213,58446</link.rule.ids></links><search><creatorcontrib>NORR, JAMES L.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>NORR, KATHLEEN L.</creatorcontrib><title>Work Organization in Modern Fishing</title><title>Human organization</title><description>Preindustrial ocean fishing is characterized by rational administration, egalitarian work relations, clearly specified and limited authority, and relatively wide distribution of the means of production. Exposure to physical risk; uncertainty; separation of work place from residence; difficulty of maintaining clear-cut control of productive factors; and high demands for skill, teamwork, and coordination account for these work characteristics. We examine modern fishing to see if these technical and environmental constraints so important in preindustrial societies continue to operate in the same way, or if higher levels of capitalization radically alter the form of work organization. Information on modern fishing comes from ethnographies of North Atlantic fishermen. Technical and environmental constraints continue undiminished or even increased in modern fishing. There is also a continuation of the egalitarian work patterns, rational administration and absence of bureaucracy, provided fishermen are in control of fishing operations. Where nonfishermen gain control of the means of production, hierarchy and power of owners increase. By providing resources needed for higher levels of capitalization in modern fishing, outside agencies such as governments or cooperatives can support continued control of working conditions by fishermen. La grande pêche pre-industrielle est caractérisée par l'administration rationnelle, des relations de travail égalitaires, l'autorité limitée et clairement précisée et une distribution relativement large des moyens de production. Les risques physiques de l'entreprise, l'incertitude, la séparation du lieu de résidence à cause du travail, la difficulté de maintenir une maîtrise nettement dessinée sur les facteurs de production, et les hautes exigences de compétence, de travail en équipe et de coordination expliquent ces caractéristiques de travail. On examine la pêche moderne pour voir si ces contraintes techniques et d'environnement si importantes dans les sociétés pre-industrielles continuent à agir de la même manière ou si les niveaux plus hauts de capitalisation changent radicalement la forme de l'organisation du travail. L'information sur la pêche moderne vient des ethnographies sur les pêcheurs de l'Atlantique Nord. Les contraintes techniques et d'environnement continuent sans diminuer et ont même augmenté dans la pêche moderne. Les relations de travail égalitaires, l'administration rationnelle et l'absence de bureaucratie continuent à condition que les pêcheurs dirigent les opérations de pêche. Quand ce ne sont pas des pêcheurs qui sont à la tête des moyens de production, la hiérarchie et le pouvoir des proprietaries augmentent. Des agents extérieurs comme des gouvernements ou des coopératives peuvent aider les pêcheurs à contrôler les conditions de travail en fournisant les ressources nécessaires pour atteindre des niveaux plus hauts de capitalisation dans la pêche moderne. La pesca de mar preindustrial se caracteriza por la administración racional, relaciones de trabajo igualitarias, la autoridad limitada y claramente especificada y por una distribución relativamente amplia de los medios de producción. Estas características se explican por los riesgos físicos de la empresa, la incertidumbre, la separación del lugar de trabajo y la residencia, las dificultades para mantener un control bien definido de los factores de producción y la gran necesidad de destreza, trabajo en equipo y coordinación. Examinamos la pesca moderna para ver si estas restricciones técnicas y ambientales, tan importantes en las sociedades preindustriales, continuan operando de la misma forma o si un mayor grado de capitalización altera radicalmente la forma de organización del trabajo. La información sobre la pesca moderna se obtuvo de etnografías sobre pescadores del Atlántico norte. Las restricciones técnicas y ambientales continuan sin disminuir o han aún aumentado en la pesca moderna. Continuan las relaciones de trabajo igualitarias, la administración racional y ausencia de burocracia mientras son los pescadores los que tienen control de las operaciones de pesca. Allí donde los medios de producción no están en manos de pescadores, aumentan la jerarquía y el poder de los dueños. Agencias exteriores tales como gobiernos o cooperativas pueden ayudarles a los pescadores a mantener el control de las condiciones de trabajo proporcionándoles los recursos necesarios para un mayor grado de capitalización en la pesca moderna.</description><subject>Atlantic</subject><subject>Boats</subject><subject>Commercial fishing</subject><subject>Fish trawling</subject><subject>Fishers</subject><subject>Fishing</subject><subject>Fishing equipment</subject><subject>Gill nets</subject><subject>Herring</subject><subject>Modern/Modernity/Modernism/ Modernist/ Modernists/ Modernizing</subject><subject>North/Northern/Northerner/ Northerners</subject><subject>Organization/Organizations/ Organizational/ Organize/ Organizers/ Organized/ Organizing</subject><subject>Peasant class</subject><subject>Seiners</subject><subject>Trawlers</subject><subject>Work/Works/Working</subject><issn>0018-7259</issn><issn>1938-3525</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>1978</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>BHHNA</sourceid><recordid>eNpdkE1LAzEQhoMoWD9-grBQ8Lbr5HuDJylWhUovBY8hm03brdukJrsF_fWuVjz0NDA8zzvDi9AYQ4GlpHC37rehoLIgBQEuJJP7PQhoKZEnaIQVLXPKCT9FIwBc5pJwdY4uUtoAABs2IzR-C_E9m8eV8c2X6Zrgs8Znr6F20WfTJq0bv7pCZ0vTJnf9Ny_RYvq4mDzns_nTy-RhllsiRZdzo4Q1XGLHqFKyrmRVWwuitFBbYUumeMVctRScD9eJM6pmpK5AlpYwhekluj3E7mL46F3q9LZJ1rWt8S70SQsQkvOSDOD4CNyEPvrhNY0pBqIIZnSg7g-UjSGl6JZ6F5utiZ8ag_5tT_-0p6nURB-3N9g3B3uTuhD_VcYwEaAo_QbPjm0_</recordid><startdate>19780701</startdate><enddate>19780701</enddate><creator>NORR, JAMES L.</creator><creator>NORR, KATHLEEN L.</creator><general>The Society for Applied Anthropology</general><general>Society for Applied Anthropology</general><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>ADABO</scope><scope>BEAJS</scope><scope>HAWNG</scope><scope>HBMBR</scope><scope>HYQOX</scope><scope>JILTI</scope><scope>K30</scope><scope>PAAUG</scope><scope>PAWHS</scope><scope>PAWZZ</scope><scope>PAXOH</scope><scope>PBHAV</scope><scope>PBQSW</scope><scope>PBYQZ</scope><scope>PCIWU</scope><scope>PCMID</scope><scope>PCZJX</scope><scope>PDGRG</scope><scope>PDPSG</scope><scope>PDWWI</scope><scope>PETMR</scope><scope>PEXHY</scope><scope>PFVGT</scope><scope>PGXDX</scope><scope>PIHIL</scope><scope>PISVA</scope><scope>PJCTQ</scope><scope>PJTMS</scope><scope>PLCHJ</scope><scope>PMHAD</scope><scope>PNQDJ</scope><scope>POUND</scope><scope>PPLAD</scope><scope>PQAPC</scope><scope>PQCAN</scope><scope>PQCMW</scope><scope>PQEME</scope><scope>PQHKH</scope><scope>PQMID</scope><scope>PQNCT</scope><scope>PQNET</scope><scope>PQSCT</scope><scope>PQSET</scope><scope>PSVJG</scope><scope>PVMQY</scope><scope>PZGFC</scope><scope>SAAPM</scope><scope>~P9</scope><scope>7U4</scope><scope>BHHNA</scope><scope>DWI</scope><scope>WZK</scope></search><sort><creationdate>19780701</creationdate><title>Work Organization in Modern Fishing</title><author>NORR, JAMES L. ; 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Exposure to physical risk; uncertainty; separation of work place from residence; difficulty of maintaining clear-cut control of productive factors; and high demands for skill, teamwork, and coordination account for these work characteristics. We examine modern fishing to see if these technical and environmental constraints so important in preindustrial societies continue to operate in the same way, or if higher levels of capitalization radically alter the form of work organization. Information on modern fishing comes from ethnographies of North Atlantic fishermen. Technical and environmental constraints continue undiminished or even increased in modern fishing. There is also a continuation of the egalitarian work patterns, rational administration and absence of bureaucracy, provided fishermen are in control of fishing operations. Where nonfishermen gain control of the means of production, hierarchy and power of owners increase. By providing resources needed for higher levels of capitalization in modern fishing, outside agencies such as governments or cooperatives can support continued control of working conditions by fishermen. La grande pêche pre-industrielle est caractérisée par l'administration rationnelle, des relations de travail égalitaires, l'autorité limitée et clairement précisée et une distribution relativement large des moyens de production. Les risques physiques de l'entreprise, l'incertitude, la séparation du lieu de résidence à cause du travail, la difficulté de maintenir une maîtrise nettement dessinée sur les facteurs de production, et les hautes exigences de compétence, de travail en équipe et de coordination expliquent ces caractéristiques de travail. On examine la pêche moderne pour voir si ces contraintes techniques et d'environnement si importantes dans les sociétés pre-industrielles continuent à agir de la même manière ou si les niveaux plus hauts de capitalisation changent radicalement la forme de l'organisation du travail. L'information sur la pêche moderne vient des ethnographies sur les pêcheurs de l'Atlantique Nord. Les contraintes techniques et d'environnement continuent sans diminuer et ont même augmenté dans la pêche moderne. Les relations de travail égalitaires, l'administration rationnelle et l'absence de bureaucratie continuent à condition que les pêcheurs dirigent les opérations de pêche. Quand ce ne sont pas des pêcheurs qui sont à la tête des moyens de production, la hiérarchie et le pouvoir des proprietaries augmentent. Des agents extérieurs comme des gouvernements ou des coopératives peuvent aider les pêcheurs à contrôler les conditions de travail en fournisant les ressources nécessaires pour atteindre des niveaux plus hauts de capitalisation dans la pêche moderne. La pesca de mar preindustrial se caracteriza por la administración racional, relaciones de trabajo igualitarias, la autoridad limitada y claramente especificada y por una distribución relativamente amplia de los medios de producción. Estas características se explican por los riesgos físicos de la empresa, la incertidumbre, la separación del lugar de trabajo y la residencia, las dificultades para mantener un control bien definido de los factores de producción y la gran necesidad de destreza, trabajo en equipo y coordinación. Examinamos la pesca moderna para ver si estas restricciones técnicas y ambientales, tan importantes en las sociedades preindustriales, continuan operando de la misma forma o si un mayor grado de capitalización altera radicalmente la forma de organización del trabajo. La información sobre la pesca moderna se obtuvo de etnografías sobre pescadores del Atlántico norte. Las restricciones técnicas y ambientales continuan sin disminuir o han aún aumentado en la pesca moderna. Continuan las relaciones de trabajo igualitarias, la administración racional y ausencia de burocracia mientras son los pescadores los que tienen control de las operaciones de pesca. Allí donde los medios de producción no están en manos de pescadores, aumentan la jerarquía y el poder de los dueños. Agencias exteriores tales como gobiernos o cooperativas pueden ayudarles a los pescadores a mantener el control de las condiciones de trabajo proporcionándoles los recursos necesarios para un mayor grado de capitalización en la pesca moderna.</abstract><cop>Washington, D.C</cop><pub>The Society for Applied Anthropology</pub><doi>10.17730/humo.37.2.2056747vv060l327</doi><tpages>9</tpages></addata></record>
fulltext fulltext
identifier ISSN: 0018-7259
ispartof Human organization, 1978-07, Vol.37 (2), p.163-171
issn 0018-7259
1938-3525
language eng
recordid cdi_proquest_miscellaneous_60675582
source JSTOR Archival Journals and Primary Sources Collection; Sociological Abstracts
subjects Atlantic
Boats
Commercial fishing
Fish trawling
Fishers
Fishing
Fishing equipment
Gill nets
Herring
Modern/Modernity/Modernism/ Modernist/ Modernists/ Modernizing
North/Northern/Northerner/ Northerners
Organization/Organizations/ Organizational/ Organize/ Organizers/ Organized/ Organizing
Peasant class
Seiners
Trawlers
Work/Works/Working
title Work Organization in Modern Fishing
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