Coping with Negative Stereotypes about Intellectual Performance: The Role of Psychological Disengagement

• Published in: Personality & social psychology bulletin 1998-01, Vol.24 (1), p.34-50
• Main Authors: Major, Brenda, Spencer, Steven, Schmader, Toni, Wolfe, Connie, Crocker, Jennifer
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Black White Differences; Buffalo, New York; College Students; Coping; Defense Mechanisms; Factors; Group identity; Intellectual ability; Intelligence; Intelligence Tests; Negative attitudes; Psychological aspects; Psychological processes; Psychology; Racism; Self Concept; Self image; Self-esteem; Social aspects; Social desirability; Stereotype (Psychology); Stereotypes; Stigma (Social psychology); Test Bias; Whites
• ISSN: 0146-1672; 1552-7433
• DOI: 10.1177/0146167298241003

Two experiments tested the hypothesis that members of negatively stereotyped groups psychologically disengage their self-esteem from feedback received in stereotype-relevant domains. In both experiments, African American and European American college students received performance feedback on a bogus intelligence test and completed measures of self-esteem. In Experiment 1, European American students had higher self-esteem after success than after failure, whereas African American students had similar levels of self-esteem regardless of feedback. Whether the test had been described as racially biased or culturally fair had no effect. Experiment 2 examined the extent to which lesser responsivity among African Americans is the result of chronic disengagement from intelligence tests or situational disengagement initiated by priming racial stereotypes. Results indicate that both chronic disengagement and racial priming engender less responsivity to negative performance feedback among African American, but not European American, students. Performance expectancies, self-evaluations, and beliefs about test bias are discussed as possible mediators of this relationship.