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Low Genetic Diversity despite Hyperendemicity of Hepatitis B Virus Genotype E throughout West Africa
Sub-Saharan Africa suffers from an excessively high endemicity of hepatitis B virus (HBV), but little is known about the prevalent genotypes. In this study, we investigated the PreS1/PreS2/S genes of 127 viruses obtained from 12 locations in Mali, Burkina Faso, Togo, Benin, Nigeria, Cameroon, and th...
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Published in: | The Journal of infectious diseases 2004-07, Vol.190 (2), p.400-408 |
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creator | Mulders, Mick N. Venard, Véronique Njayou, Mounjohou Edorh, A. Patrick Bola Oyefolu, Akkeb O. Kehinde, M. O. Muyembe Tamfum, Jean-Jacques Nébie, Yacouba K. Maïga, Ibrahim Ammerlaan, Wim Fack, Fred Omilabu, Sunday A. le Faou, Alain Muller, Claude P. |
description | Sub-Saharan Africa suffers from an excessively high endemicity of hepatitis B virus (HBV), but little is known about the prevalent genotypes. In this study, we investigated the PreS1/PreS2/S genes of 127 viruses obtained from 12 locations in Mali, Burkina Faso, Togo, Benin, Nigeria, Cameroon, and the Democratic Republic of Congo. Except for those obtained from the Cameroon HIV cohort (18/22 HBV genotype A), 96 of 105 sequences belonged to HBV genotype E (HBV/E), and viral DNA was very similar (1.67% diversity) throughout this vast HBV/Ecrescent, which spans 6000 km across Africa. The low diversity suggests that HBV/E may have a short evolutionary history. Considering a typical mutation rate of DNA viruses, it would take only 200 years for the strain diversity of HBV/E viruses to develop from a single introductory event. The relatively recent introduction of HBV/E into humans would also explain its conspicuous absence in the Americas, despite the forced immigration of slaves from west Africa, until the early 19th century. Infection during infancy is mostly associated with chronic carrier status, and this combination can account for the explosive spread of virtually identical viruses within a community, but whether other routes of long-range transmissions must be considered becomes an important question. |
doi_str_mv | 10.1086/421502 |
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Patrick ; Bola Oyefolu, Akkeb O. ; Kehinde, M. O. ; Muyembe Tamfum, Jean-Jacques ; Nébie, Yacouba K. ; Maïga, Ibrahim ; Ammerlaan, Wim ; Fack, Fred ; Omilabu, Sunday A. ; le Faou, Alain ; Muller, Claude P.</creator><creatorcontrib>Mulders, Mick N. ; Venard, Véronique ; Njayou, Mounjohou ; Edorh, A. Patrick ; Bola Oyefolu, Akkeb O. ; Kehinde, M. O. ; Muyembe Tamfum, Jean-Jacques ; Nébie, Yacouba K. ; Maïga, Ibrahim ; Ammerlaan, Wim ; Fack, Fred ; Omilabu, Sunday A. ; le Faou, Alain ; Muller, Claude P.</creatorcontrib><description>Sub-Saharan Africa suffers from an excessively high endemicity of hepatitis B virus (HBV), but little is known about the prevalent genotypes. In this study, we investigated the PreS1/PreS2/S genes of 127 viruses obtained from 12 locations in Mali, Burkina Faso, Togo, Benin, Nigeria, Cameroon, and the Democratic Republic of Congo. Except for those obtained from the Cameroon HIV cohort (18/22 HBV genotype A), 96 of 105 sequences belonged to HBV genotype E (HBV/E), and viral DNA was very similar (1.67% diversity) throughout this vast HBV/Ecrescent, which spans 6000 km across Africa. The low diversity suggests that HBV/E may have a short evolutionary history. Considering a typical mutation rate of DNA viruses, it would take only 200 years for the strain diversity of HBV/E viruses to develop from a single introductory event. The relatively recent introduction of HBV/E into humans would also explain its conspicuous absence in the Americas, despite the forced immigration of slaves from west Africa, until the early 19th century. Infection during infancy is mostly associated with chronic carrier status, and this combination can account for the explosive spread of virtually identical viruses within a community, but whether other routes of long-range transmissions must be considered becomes an important question.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0022-1899</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1537-6613</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1086/421502</identifier><identifier>PMID: 15216479</identifier><identifier>CODEN: JIDIAQ</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Chicago, IL: The University Chicago Press</publisher><subject>Adolescent ; Adult ; Africa, Western - epidemiology ; Aged ; Biological and medical sciences ; Carrier State - virology ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; DNA, Viral - chemistry ; DNA, Viral - isolation & purification ; Endemic Diseases ; Female ; Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology ; Genes, Viral ; Genetic diversity ; Genetic Variation ; Genomes ; Genotype ; Genotypes ; Hepatitis antigens ; Hepatitis B - epidemiology ; Hepatitis B - transmission ; Hepatitis B - virology ; Hepatitis B Surface Antigens - genetics ; Hepatitis B virus ; Hepatitis B virus - genetics ; Hepatitis B virus - isolation & purification ; HIV ; Human immunodeficiency virus ; Humans ; Infant ; Infections ; Infectious diseases ; Male ; Medical sciences ; Microbiology ; Middle Aged ; Miscellaneous ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mutation ; Phylogenetics ; Phylogeny ; Polymerase chain reaction ; Protein Precursors - genetics ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Virology ; Viruses</subject><ispartof>The Journal of infectious diseases, 2004-07, Vol.190 (2), p.400-408</ispartof><rights>Copyright 2004 The Infectious Diseases Society of America</rights><rights>2004 by the Infectious Diseases Society of America 2004</rights><rights>2004 INIST-CNRS</rights><rights>Copyright University of Chicago Press Jul 15, 2004</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c510t-7ec9d6264691c80062b3d7f2101a7a7837cbfdb8c8334b16a94f26f3a7a1ff103</citedby></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/30078024$$EPDF$$P50$$Gjstor$$H</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://www.jstor.org/stable/30078024$$EHTML$$P50$$Gjstor$$H</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>314,780,784,27924,27925,58238,58471</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttp://pascal-francis.inist.fr/vibad/index.php?action=getRecordDetail&idt=16020625$$DView record in Pascal Francis$$Hfree_for_read</backlink><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15216479$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Mulders, Mick N.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Venard, Véronique</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Njayou, Mounjohou</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Edorh, A. Patrick</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Bola Oyefolu, Akkeb O.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Kehinde, M. O.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Muyembe Tamfum, Jean-Jacques</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Nébie, Yacouba K.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Maïga, Ibrahim</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ammerlaan, Wim</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Fack, Fred</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Omilabu, Sunday A.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>le Faou, Alain</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Muller, Claude P.</creatorcontrib><title>Low Genetic Diversity despite Hyperendemicity of Hepatitis B Virus Genotype E throughout West Africa</title><title>The Journal of infectious diseases</title><addtitle>The Journal of Infectious Diseases</addtitle><addtitle>The Journal of Infectious Diseases</addtitle><description>Sub-Saharan Africa suffers from an excessively high endemicity of hepatitis B virus (HBV), but little is known about the prevalent genotypes. In this study, we investigated the PreS1/PreS2/S genes of 127 viruses obtained from 12 locations in Mali, Burkina Faso, Togo, Benin, Nigeria, Cameroon, and the Democratic Republic of Congo. Except for those obtained from the Cameroon HIV cohort (18/22 HBV genotype A), 96 of 105 sequences belonged to HBV genotype E (HBV/E), and viral DNA was very similar (1.67% diversity) throughout this vast HBV/Ecrescent, which spans 6000 km across Africa. The low diversity suggests that HBV/E may have a short evolutionary history. Considering a typical mutation rate of DNA viruses, it would take only 200 years for the strain diversity of HBV/E viruses to develop from a single introductory event. The relatively recent introduction of HBV/E into humans would also explain its conspicuous absence in the Americas, despite the forced immigration of slaves from west Africa, until the early 19th century. Infection during infancy is mostly associated with chronic carrier status, and this combination can account for the explosive spread of virtually identical viruses within a community, but whether other routes of long-range transmissions must be considered becomes an important question.</description><subject>Adolescent</subject><subject>Adult</subject><subject>Africa, Western - epidemiology</subject><subject>Aged</subject><subject>Biological and medical sciences</subject><subject>Carrier State - virology</subject><subject>Child</subject><subject>Child, Preschool</subject><subject>DNA, Viral - chemistry</subject><subject>DNA, Viral - isolation & purification</subject><subject>Endemic Diseases</subject><subject>Female</subject><subject>Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology</subject><subject>Genes, Viral</subject><subject>Genetic diversity</subject><subject>Genetic Variation</subject><subject>Genomes</subject><subject>Genotype</subject><subject>Genotypes</subject><subject>Hepatitis antigens</subject><subject>Hepatitis B - epidemiology</subject><subject>Hepatitis B - transmission</subject><subject>Hepatitis B - virology</subject><subject>Hepatitis B Surface Antigens - genetics</subject><subject>Hepatitis B virus</subject><subject>Hepatitis B virus - genetics</subject><subject>Hepatitis B virus - isolation & purification</subject><subject>HIV</subject><subject>Human immunodeficiency virus</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>Infant</subject><subject>Infections</subject><subject>Infectious diseases</subject><subject>Male</subject><subject>Medical sciences</subject><subject>Microbiology</subject><subject>Middle Aged</subject><subject>Miscellaneous</subject><subject>Molecular Sequence Data</subject><subject>Mutation</subject><subject>Phylogenetics</subject><subject>Phylogeny</subject><subject>Polymerase chain reaction</subject><subject>Protein Precursors - genetics</subject><subject>Sequence Analysis, DNA</subject><subject>Virology</subject><subject>Viruses</subject><issn>0022-1899</issn><issn>1537-6613</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2004</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><recordid>eNqF0dFuFCEUBmBibOxa9Q001MTejR5gBobL2tauySaapramN4RhwLLuDiMw6r69s5lNNzExXpHwf5wDHIReEHhLoObvSkoqoI_QjFRMFJwT9hjNACgtSC3lIXqa0hIASsbFE3RIKkp4KeQMtYvwC1_azmZv8Ln_aWPyeYNbm3qfLZ5vehtt19q1N9v94PDc9jr77BN-j298HNL2eMgjxBc438cwfLsPQ8a3NmV86qI3-hk6cHqV7PPdeoS-fLi4PpsXi0-XH89OF4WpCORCWCNbTnnJJTE1AKcNa4WjBIgWWtRMmMa1TW1qxsqGcC1LR7ljY0icI8CO0MlUt4_hxzD2V2ufjF2tdGfDkBTnvGIVVP-FRHApWSVH-PovuAxD7MZHKEqZBCllva9mYkgpWqf66Nc6bhQBtZ2OmqYzwle7akOztu2e7cYxgjc7oJPRKxd1Z3zaOw50_JXt_Y8nF4b-381eTmaZcogPigGIGmg55sWU-5Tt74dcx--KCyYqNf96p-4-X4nrq5tzdcv-AK11uBc</recordid><startdate>20040715</startdate><enddate>20040715</enddate><creator>Mulders, Mick N.</creator><creator>Venard, Véronique</creator><creator>Njayou, Mounjohou</creator><creator>Edorh, A. Patrick</creator><creator>Bola Oyefolu, Akkeb O.</creator><creator>Kehinde, M. O.</creator><creator>Muyembe Tamfum, Jean-Jacques</creator><creator>Nébie, Yacouba K.</creator><creator>Maïga, Ibrahim</creator><creator>Ammerlaan, Wim</creator><creator>Fack, Fred</creator><creator>Omilabu, Sunday A.</creator><creator>le Faou, Alain</creator><creator>Muller, Claude P.</creator><general>The University Chicago Press</general><general>University of Chicago Press</general><general>Oxford University Press</general><scope>BSCLL</scope><scope>IQODW</scope><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>K9.</scope><scope>NAPCQ</scope><scope>7U9</scope><scope>H94</scope><scope>7X8</scope></search><sort><creationdate>20040715</creationdate><title>Low Genetic Diversity despite Hyperendemicity of Hepatitis B Virus Genotype E throughout West Africa</title><author>Mulders, Mick N. ; Venard, Véronique ; Njayou, Mounjohou ; Edorh, A. Patrick ; Bola Oyefolu, Akkeb O. ; Kehinde, M. O. ; Muyembe Tamfum, Jean-Jacques ; Nébie, Yacouba K. ; Maïga, Ibrahim ; Ammerlaan, Wim ; Fack, Fred ; Omilabu, Sunday A. ; le Faou, Alain ; Muller, Claude P.</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c510t-7ec9d6264691c80062b3d7f2101a7a7837cbfdb8c8334b16a94f26f3a7a1ff103</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2004</creationdate><topic>Adolescent</topic><topic>Adult</topic><topic>Africa, Western - epidemiology</topic><topic>Aged</topic><topic>Biological and medical sciences</topic><topic>Carrier State - virology</topic><topic>Child</topic><topic>Child, Preschool</topic><topic>DNA, Viral - chemistry</topic><topic>DNA, Viral - isolation & purification</topic><topic>Endemic Diseases</topic><topic>Female</topic><topic>Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology</topic><topic>Genes, Viral</topic><topic>Genetic diversity</topic><topic>Genetic Variation</topic><topic>Genomes</topic><topic>Genotype</topic><topic>Genotypes</topic><topic>Hepatitis antigens</topic><topic>Hepatitis B - epidemiology</topic><topic>Hepatitis B - transmission</topic><topic>Hepatitis B - virology</topic><topic>Hepatitis B Surface Antigens - genetics</topic><topic>Hepatitis B virus</topic><topic>Hepatitis B virus - genetics</topic><topic>Hepatitis B virus - isolation & purification</topic><topic>HIV</topic><topic>Human immunodeficiency virus</topic><topic>Humans</topic><topic>Infant</topic><topic>Infections</topic><topic>Infectious diseases</topic><topic>Male</topic><topic>Medical sciences</topic><topic>Microbiology</topic><topic>Middle Aged</topic><topic>Miscellaneous</topic><topic>Molecular Sequence Data</topic><topic>Mutation</topic><topic>Phylogenetics</topic><topic>Phylogeny</topic><topic>Polymerase chain reaction</topic><topic>Protein Precursors - genetics</topic><topic>Sequence Analysis, DNA</topic><topic>Virology</topic><topic>Viruses</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Mulders, Mick N.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Venard, Véronique</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Njayou, Mounjohou</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Edorh, A. 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Patrick</au><au>Bola Oyefolu, Akkeb O.</au><au>Kehinde, M. O.</au><au>Muyembe Tamfum, Jean-Jacques</au><au>Nébie, Yacouba K.</au><au>Maïga, Ibrahim</au><au>Ammerlaan, Wim</au><au>Fack, Fred</au><au>Omilabu, Sunday A.</au><au>le Faou, Alain</au><au>Muller, Claude P.</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Low Genetic Diversity despite Hyperendemicity of Hepatitis B Virus Genotype E throughout West Africa</atitle><jtitle>The Journal of infectious diseases</jtitle><stitle>The Journal of Infectious Diseases</stitle><addtitle>The Journal of Infectious Diseases</addtitle><date>2004-07-15</date><risdate>2004</risdate><volume>190</volume><issue>2</issue><spage>400</spage><epage>408</epage><pages>400-408</pages><issn>0022-1899</issn><eissn>1537-6613</eissn><coden>JIDIAQ</coden><abstract>Sub-Saharan Africa suffers from an excessively high endemicity of hepatitis B virus (HBV), but little is known about the prevalent genotypes. In this study, we investigated the PreS1/PreS2/S genes of 127 viruses obtained from 12 locations in Mali, Burkina Faso, Togo, Benin, Nigeria, Cameroon, and the Democratic Republic of Congo. Except for those obtained from the Cameroon HIV cohort (18/22 HBV genotype A), 96 of 105 sequences belonged to HBV genotype E (HBV/E), and viral DNA was very similar (1.67% diversity) throughout this vast HBV/Ecrescent, which spans 6000 km across Africa. The low diversity suggests that HBV/E may have a short evolutionary history. Considering a typical mutation rate of DNA viruses, it would take only 200 years for the strain diversity of HBV/E viruses to develop from a single introductory event. The relatively recent introduction of HBV/E into humans would also explain its conspicuous absence in the Americas, despite the forced immigration of slaves from west Africa, until the early 19th century. Infection during infancy is mostly associated with chronic carrier status, and this combination can account for the explosive spread of virtually identical viruses within a community, but whether other routes of long-range transmissions must be considered becomes an important question.</abstract><cop>Chicago, IL</cop><pub>The University Chicago Press</pub><pmid>15216479</pmid><doi>10.1086/421502</doi><tpages>9</tpages><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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subjects | Adolescent Adult Africa, Western - epidemiology Aged Biological and medical sciences Carrier State - virology Child Child, Preschool DNA, Viral - chemistry DNA, Viral - isolation & purification Endemic Diseases Female Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology Genes, Viral Genetic diversity Genetic Variation Genomes Genotype Genotypes Hepatitis antigens Hepatitis B - epidemiology Hepatitis B - transmission Hepatitis B - virology Hepatitis B Surface Antigens - genetics Hepatitis B virus Hepatitis B virus - genetics Hepatitis B virus - isolation & purification HIV Human immunodeficiency virus Humans Infant Infections Infectious diseases Male Medical sciences Microbiology Middle Aged Miscellaneous Molecular Sequence Data Mutation Phylogenetics Phylogeny Polymerase chain reaction Protein Precursors - genetics Sequence Analysis, DNA Virology Viruses |
title | Low Genetic Diversity despite Hyperendemicity of Hepatitis B Virus Genotype E throughout West Africa |
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